Matin Farahbakhsh Daghigh; Rezvan Homai; Hamdallah Jayrvand
Abstract
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing patience group training on self-efficacy and attitude of mothers with exceptional children. This quasi-experimental study involved a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The population of the study included all mothers with ...
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Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing patience group training on self-efficacy and attitude of mothers with exceptional children. This quasi-experimental study involved a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The population of the study included all mothers with exceptional children in Mashhad who were registered with the exceptional education department in Khorasan province. Voluntary participation and sample selection using random sampling were utilized. Thirty-two mothers of exceptional children were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (16 participants per group). The instruments used to measure the study variables were the patience, Domka self-efficacy, and parents' attitudes toward exceptional children questionnaires. A pre-test was conducted on both groups. The experimental group underwent ten sessions of patience training, while no training was provided to the control group. After the training sessions, both groups took the questionnaires again (post-test). Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MONCOVA). The results revealed that patience training led to enhanced self-efficacy, reduced hopelessness, improved attitude, increased failure tolerance, and lower levels of shame in mothers with exceptional children. As a result, it is recommended that counselors and psychologists focus on patience training in family education programs and groups of parents of exceptional children.
Keywords: Patience, Self-Efficacy, Attitude, Mothers Of Exceptional Children.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
When an exceptional child is born, the parent's experience of parenting and the process of acceptance will be different. (Azad Yekta, 2021). An exceptional child is defined as a child with mental, physical, social, or emotional disorders that may stop or slow down their growth and development. This could lead to behavioral and emotional issues, and pose challenges for parents (Joe and Associates, 2020, Afsari & Zeinali, 2021). Parents may feel a wide range of emotions, including anger, guilt, and disappointment, in their struggle to adapt to the situation of having an exceptional child. This experience has been linked to mental health issues and marriage problems and often leads to a need for receiving educational and empowerment programs (Rane, 2020; Kargar and Asghari Ebrahim Abad, 2015; Rezapour Mirsaleh and associates, 2020). One of the primary reasons for educating mothers is to shape, change and improve their behavior. Group education has been found to be among the most effective approaches in recent years (Norouzi and Associates, 2019). However, there has been a lack of focus on the importance of patience in regard to factors such as self-efficacy and attitude. The potential benefits of cultural and spiritual practices in improving self-efficacy and changing attitudes towards exceptional children have also not received sufficient attention.
This study aims to investigate the effects of a patient-education group based on cultural and religious teachings to enhance endurance and acceptance of hardships in the mothers of exceptional children. The goal is to examine whether this intervention will improve self-efficacy and attitudes in these mothers or not.
Literature review
The experience of living with an exceptional child can be highly challenging for mothers, who are under tremendous mental pressure to help their children navigate various difficulties and maintain their well-being. In this environment, their attitude towards their children is crucial, as it can greatly impact their ability to manage the various challenges they face and ensure their family's well-being (Jebelli & Khademi, 2019; Rani, 2020). Belief in one's self-efficacy has been identified as an important factor in influencing people's attitudes. Triandis explains that improvements in attitude can lead to increases in self-efficacy (Namazi & Associates, 2020). Along with positive attitudes, self-efficacy can fulfill basic cognitive needs such as a sense of worth, autonomy, and social relations. Moreover, the journey towards building self-efficacy can be a challenging one for exceptional children's parents, with potential ups and downs (Smart, 2016).
The role of self-efficacy in life is well-documented, particularly in the context of providing mothers of exceptional children with the necessary skills and support to navigate the challenges they face. Improving self-efficacy has been identified as a priority for these mothers and makes it urgent to develop interventions to address this need. Patience, as outlined by Currier and associates (2015), is central in allowing individuals to find meaning and purpose in times of difficulty. This can provide a valuable framework for understanding the role of self-efficacy in supporting mothers of exceptional children to navigate challenges and find a sense of purpose in their roles.
Patience can be defined as an individual's capability to delay a desired outcome without experiencing negative emotions or reactions towards the present situation (Roberts & Fishbach, 2020). Patience, from a psychological perspective, refers to one's ability to effectively manage internal and external pressures. This can involve learning to respond to challenging situations in a way that reduces stress levels and promotes a sense of emotional security. Psychologists identify three main components in the development and maintenance of patience: emotional, cognitive, and behavioral. These components relate to an individual's ability to tolerate uncertainty, regulate their emotions and beliefs, and modify their behaviors accordingly (Ghebari Bonab & Associates, 2017). Overall, patience
Methodology
This research study examines the impact of patience education on the self-efficacy and attitudes of mothers with children with special needs. The study utilizes a quasi-experimental design, with a randomized control group consisting of two groups of moms: the examination group that received 10 training sessions on patience and the witness group that did not receive any training. The study collected data from 32 moms via pre-testing and post-testing, using questionnaires focused on patience, self-efficacy, and parental attitudes towards exceptional children. This is an important area of research as there is a need to identify and implement effective methods to improve the well-being of mothers with children with special needs.
Introduction to intervention program
Based on this information, it appears that the 10-session training program focused on building patience through a variety of strategies, including:
Learning to use software to facilitate the process
Understanding pain conservation and acceptance
Developing a new perspective on life events
Acquiring an understanding of the process of grief
Recognizing the blessings bestowed by God
Learning to not put oneself in pain while raising exceptional children
Finding inspiration by studying the story of Moses and Khizr
Distincting between tolerance and patience
Improving anger management skills
Developing a sense of positivity
Understanding the different types of angry people and managing anger
Developing existential capacity and assumptions
Identifying ways to develop patience, including changing attitudes towards life and recognizing that patience is a learnable skill
Studying holy verses on patience and its consequences, and engaging in Q&A.
Overall, the program aimed to promote patience among mothers of exceptional children through a combination of educational, spiritual and emotional tools.
Results
The research data was analyzed using single and multi-factor analysis of covariance, and the results indicate that the training of patience can have a positive effect on self-efficacy, change of attitude, failure, disappointment, shame, and patience of mothers of exceptional children.
Table 1. results of comparing two groups in self-efficacy and patience.
factor
Source for change
Sum of squares
Degree od freedom
Average sum of squares
F
P
Effect size
Self-effocacy
Pre-test
84/94
1
84/94
10/1
30/0
03/0
group
17/692
1
7/692
08/8
008/0
21/0
error
34/2483
29
63/85
total
81689
32
Pre-test
75/360
1
75/360
96/5
02/0
17/0
Patience
group
05/684
1
05/687
35/11
002/0
28/0
error
93/1754
29
51/60
total
256823
32
Based on the table provided, it is clear that there is a significant difference between the examination group, which received the training of patience, and the witness group, which did not receive training, in terms of self-efficacy and patience. Specifically, the examination group demonstrated higher self-efficacy and patience in the post-test phase compared to the pre-test phase, indicating that the training of patience has been effective in improving these outcomes. These findings suggest that the training of patience may be an effective intervention strategy to enhance the well-being of mothers of exceptional children.
Discussion
From the findings of this study, it is evident that training in patience can positively influence the self-efficacy, change of attitude, failure, disappointment, shame, and patience of mothers of exceptional children. Patience is an innate human trait that enables individuals to develop the ability to handle life pressures with resilience. The ability to defer one's own interests with the hope of attaining knowledge or a desirable outcome in the future is critical for personal growth and well-being. By improving their patience skills, mothers of exceptional children may be better equipped to handle the challenges of raising children with special needs.
Conclusion
The study showed significant differences in the self-efficacy, change of attitude, failure, disappointment, shame, and patience levels of mothers of children with exceptional needs between the examination and witness groups. As a result, it is recommended that counselors and psychologists consider incorporating patient training in the family education and group programs of mothers of children with exceptional needs to enhance their well-being.
Acknowledgements
We extend our gratitude to the mothers who participated in the study and provided valuable insights into the effect of patient training on their well-being. Their participation was crucial in helping us gather important data and make meaningful contributions to the field. We hope that this research can contribute to developing more effective interventions to support the needs of mothers of exceptional children.
SEYED HOSSEIN Almadani; parviz askary; Sasan Bavi
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is originally a behavioral disorder that begins in childhood and could continue into adolescence and even middle age if appropriate therapies are not used. The aim of the present research was to design a structural model of the severity of a child’s attention ...
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is originally a behavioral disorder that begins in childhood and could continue into adolescence and even middle age if appropriate therapies are not used. The aim of the present research was to design a structural model of the severity of a child’s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder based on family functioning and mother-child interaction with the mediating role of marital satisfaction in mothers dwelling in Tehran. In this survey, the statistical population consists of hyperactive male children along with their mothers in Tehran in 2021, among them 212 people were selected through purposive sampling method. The research tools are McMaster Epstein et al. (1978) family functioning questionnaires, Dragatis and Ziklzorak's mental health (1973), Connor, Arhad, and Sparrow's severity of attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (1999), and Enrich's marital satisfaction from Olson, Fornier, and Derakman (1987). The proposed model was evaluated using structural equation modeling. The results indicated that all direct paths were significant (P> 0.05), except family functioning path to severity of child’s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In addition, indirect paths of family functioning with the severity of child’s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with the mediating role of marital satisfaction (P< 0/01), and also, mental health with the severity of child’s attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with the mediating role of marital satisfaction (P< 0/01), were significant. According to the results, the proposed model benefited from having a good model fit and has taken an important step towards understanding the factors affecting the severity of attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children.
Seyyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi; Maryam Parastanpoor; Maryam Asghari
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare marital satisfaction, parental alliance, and parental burnout in fathers and mothers having a child(ren) with and without visual impairment. The method of the study was descriptive and expo facto. The study population consisted of four groups of parents having children ...
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The aim of this study was to compare marital satisfaction, parental alliance, and parental burnout in fathers and mothers having a child(ren) with and without visual impairment. The method of the study was descriptive and expo facto. The study population consisted of four groups of parents having children without and with visual impairment (parents having one child, two children, and more than two children with VI) living in different cities of Iran. Among them, a sample of 506 people (including 297 mothers and 209 fathers) participated voluntarily in the study through convenient sampling. The measurements included the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (Nichols et al., 1983), the Parental Alliance Scale (Abidin, & Brunner, 1995), and the Parental Burnout Assessment (Roskam et al., 2018). The results showed that parents having more than two children with VI had higher scores on parental burnout and lower scores on marital satisfaction and parental alliance compared to the other three groups (p < .001). The results of the MANOVA test showed that the four groups were significantly different in all dimensions of parental burnout (p < .001), also, the fathers obtained higher scores in marital satisfaction (p < .04). The extent of visual impairment of the child(ren) can disrupt the relationship between children and parents with themselves and with each other by negatively affecting marital and parental outcomes.
yaser Rezapur Mirsaleh; mehdi shomali ahmadabadi; elahe akbarian torkabad; seydalireza emarati; atefe barkhordari
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotion-focused group intervention on sexual satisfaction, marital satisfaction and dimensions of mental health in mothers of children with intellectual disability. A quantitative study design using quasi-experimental method including ...
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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotion-focused group intervention on sexual satisfaction, marital satisfaction and dimensions of mental health in mothers of children with intellectual disability. A quantitative study design using quasi-experimental method including pretest posttest follow-up with control group was used. The population consisted of all mothers with mentally retarded children who their child studying in Meybod in 1397-98 academic year. A total of 24 mothers were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned in experimental and control groups (12 participants per groups). Participants answered Lovibond’s depression, anxiety and stress scale, Enrich marital satisfaction scale, and Larson sexual satisfaction questionnaire at pretest, posttest and follow-up phases. The experimental group received emotion-focused group intervention intervention in 8 sessions of 1.5 hours (two sessions per week) while the control group did not receive any intervention. Finally, the data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA at the significance level of 0.05. The results showed that, compared to control group, the mean scores of sexual satisfaction, marital satisfaction and maintained at the follow up phase (p <0.001). According to the results, it can be concluded that emotion-focused group intervention could improve sexual satisfaction, marital satisfaction and mental health of mothers with intellectual disable children. So, emotion-focused can see as a be a valuable intervention to reduce the problems of mothers with intellectual disable children.
maryam asghari; .Gholam Ali Afrooz; Parisa Tajalli; afsaneh ghanbari panah
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to comparing marital satisfaction between mothers with one visually impaired child, mothers with more than one visually impaired children and mothers with normal children. The present research was a causal-comparative research and the target population of this study was ...
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The aim of the present study was to comparing marital satisfaction between mothers with one visually impaired child, mothers with more than one visually impaired children and mothers with normal children. The present research was a causal-comparative research and the target population of this study was mothers of normal children and mothers with visually impaired children in Tehran and Karaj in the academic year of 1395-96 in 537 individuals. The sampling method was simple random sampling. The sample size was obtained using the Cochran formula, 224 people (120 mothers with one visually impaired child, 104 mothers with more than one visually impaired children and 120 mothers with normal children). The instruments of this study were Afrooz Marital Satisfaction Scale (AMSS). Analyzing of data is performed using Multivariable Analyze of Variance (MANOVA). The results showed that there were significant differences in marital satisfaction between the three groups (p< .01). Also, the results showed that there were significant differences in Marital Satisfaction Subscales between the three groups (p< .01). On this basis, we can conclude that there were significant differences in Marital Satisfaction between the three groups and Researchers can provide a field of psychological interventions.
Jalal Kalantary; Siamak Samani; gholamali Afrooz; Zhaleh Refahi
Abstract
Abstract The present research was conducted with the purpose of comparison of marital satisfaction and mental health in relative and non-relative parents of children with mental disabilities. This research is a causal – comparative study. The statistical population of this research consisted of ...
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Abstract The present research was conducted with the purpose of comparison of marital satisfaction and mental health in relative and non-relative parents of children with mental disabilities. This research is a causal – comparative study. The statistical population of this research consisted of all relative and non-relative parents of children with mental disabilities in Shiraz, Marvdasht and Fasa in Fars state. Of the population, 50 relative parents and 100 non- relative parents of children with mental disabilities were selected based on convenience sampling.To collect the data, General Health Questionnaire-28 questions and Afrooz Marital Satisfaction Scale Revised (AMSS-R) were used. The results of analysis of t -test for independed sampels group, multivariate variance and test of pearson corelation showed that there is not a significant difference between the two groups of relative and non-relative parents of children with mental disabilities in marital satisfaction and mental health.Therfor relative and non-relative not effect on marital satisfaction and mental health in parents.
Seyyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi
Abstract
This research was done with the goal of studying the role of positive perception and parental stress in prediction of marital in mothers of children with special needs & normal children. The population of this research was two groups of mothers with normal children and children ...
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This research was done with the goal of studying the role of positive perception and parental stress in prediction of marital in mothers of children with special needs & normal children. The population of this research was two groups of mothers with normal children and children with special needs. So, 161 mothers were sampled by nonprobability & convenient method. Measurement tools included Parental Stress Scale, Positive Perception Scale and Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale. The relationship between variables and their prediction role were analyzed in the structural model by the AMOS.V24 and the differences between the two groups of mothers were analyzed with independent t-test by the SPSS.V24 software. The results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between parental stress and marital satisfaction and there is a significant positive correlation between positive perception and marital satisfaction. Positive perception has good predictive power for marital satisfaction. The results also showed that there were a significant difference between two groups of mothers in positive perception and parental stress. Positive perception to self and one’s abilities can play an effective role in reduction of the stress associated with parenting tasks and increasing marital satisfaction, especially in mothers of children with special needs.
Mehdi Ghodrati; Gholam Ali Afroz; Parviz Sharifi Dar amadi; Heydar ali Homan
Volume 1, Issue 3 , October 2011, , Pages 1-22
Abstract
Objective: The present study aims to acquire more specific information concerning the prediction of creativity in gifted students on the basis of their age, intelligence quotient (IQ), and their parental marital satisfaction. Method: This is a correlation study. The statistical population was the total ...
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Objective: The present study aims to acquire more specific information concerning the prediction of creativity in gifted students on the basis of their age, intelligence quotient (IQ), and their parental marital satisfaction. Method: This is a correlation study. The statistical population was the total of all gifted high school students of both special education and regular schools in Tehran, whose intelligence quotients were higher than 120.The sample size consisted of 164male and 166 female students, The sample wa selected through a cluster random sampling.. Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test (IQ) (Raven, 1941), and Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT) (figural form) (Torrance, 2002) were administered among the students and Afrooz Marital Satisfaction Scale (AMSS) (1390) was completed with the student’s parents. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that parental marital satisfaction was an important and significant predictor of children’s creativity. Also, IQ and age were second and third significant predictors of creativity. Conclusion and recommendations: Results indicated that high martial satisfaction of parents and intelligence were good backgrounds for the development and nurturance of creativity in children.