Mohammad Hadi Safi; Hassan Maldar Hassanabadi; Yasser Rezapour Mirsaleh; hamid khakbaz
Abstract
Abstract
Disability is a global phenomenon that has existed and continues to exist in all eras and societies. The aim of this research was to examine the mediating role of achievement motivation in the relationship between optimism, resilience, and self-efficacy among individuals with physical-mobility ...
Read More
Abstract
Disability is a global phenomenon that has existed and continues to exist in all eras and societies. The aim of this research was to examine the mediating role of achievement motivation in the relationship between optimism, resilience, and self-efficacy among individuals with physical-mobility disabilities in the city of Mashhad. The statistical population of this study included all individuals with physical-mobility disabilities in Mashhad, from whom a sample of 218 was randomly selected. Data were collected using the Helms and Spencer (1977) Achievement Motivation Scale, Schwartz's (1999) Self-Efficacy Scale, Scheier and Carver's (1985) Optimism Scale, and Connor and Davidson's (2003) Resiliency Scale. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling (path analysis) methods. According to the results, resilience and optimism had a direct relationship with self-efficacy and achievement motivation. The mediating role of achievement motivation in the relationship between resilience, self-efficacy, and optimism with self-efficacy was confirmed. The results of the present study showed that resilience and optimism had a direct relationship with self-efficacy and motivation to progress, and the mediating role of motivation to progress in the relationship between resilience and self-efficacy and optimism and self-efficacy was confirmed. Also, optimism and resilience had a positive and significant effect on motivation to progress and self-efficacy.
Keywords: Achievement Motivation, Optimism, Resiliency, Self-efficacy, Disability.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Indeed, physical impairments in individuals with physical-mobility disabilities often lead to negative self-images and diminished efficiency, adversely affecting their overall performance. This, in turn, can result in elevated levels of loneliness and heightened susceptibility to mental health issues. Henceforth, it is imperative to maintain the health and stable functioning of these individuals as self-efficacy, or confidence in one's own abilities, plays a vital role in improving the health status and overall performance of individuals with physical-mobility disabilities. Self-efficacy in individuals with physical-mobility disabilities can elevate their self-confidence and willingness to engage in specific behaviors, ultimately enabling the achievement of goals and improved performance. Optimism, as a significant determinant of self-efficacy, bolsters resilience in response to challenging, traumatic situations. By fostering positive adaptive and coping responses, optimism equips individuals to overcome obstacles and maintain a resilient outlook in the face of difficulties.
Optimism and self-efficacy are fundamentally related to enhanced adaptability, well-being, psychological health, and heightened resilience. Resilience constitutes a structured mechanism that holds substantial relevance for the fulfillment of the needs of individuals with physical-mobility disabilities. A group of interconnected factors profoundly influences the motivation of individuals with physical-mobility disabilities, among which optimism occupies a crucial position. Complementarily, cultivating and reinforcing the motivation to advance enables the generation of energy and the appropriate orientation of the behavior, interests, and requirements of individuals with physical-mobility disabilities towards purposeful and targeted objectives. Essentially, motivation to progress exerts a direct impact on the self-efficacy of individuals with physical-mobility disabilities.
It is conceivable that individuals with disabilities might perceive themselves as comparatively weaker and less capable relative to individuals without disabilities. Consequently, as they advance and partake in competitive circumstances to achieve their goals, they may gain increased motivation and receiving rewards due to success may serve as an impetus to further boost progress. The achievement of correct answers can subsequently enhance self-efficacy in patients with physical-mobility disabilities, thereby motivating them to provide more accurate responses, which, in turn, can positively influence their self-confidence. In light of this, it becomes apparent that there exists a dynamic interplay among motivation for progress, resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy. Given the pivotal role of motivation for progress and self-efficacy in the psychological aspects of individuals with physical-mobility disabilities, the present research is underscored as a crucial gap-filling study.
Research Question
The query being addressed in this research pertains to whether achievement motivation to progress serves as a mediating factor in the connection between optimism and resilience, as well as self-efficacy, among individuals with physical-mobility disabilities.
Literature Review
The outcomes of Kariminejad et al' (2018) study illustrate that self-efficacy training heightened self-esteem ratings and stimulated advancement within the disabled female cohort in the aftermath. Similarly, findings from King et al.'s (2020) investigation indicate that individuals with disabilities experience disproportionately elevated levels of loneliness owing to diminished self-efficacy, which concurrently exacerbates difficulty in forging and preserving social connections. Hamedi Nasab and Asgari (2020) research has also demonstrated that academic self-efficacy and students' motivation to progress exhibit higher-than-average and statistically significant levels. Additionally, scientific optimism has been found to exert an indirect impact on academic progress motivation via academic self-efficacy. Studies by Miranda and Cruz (2020) have illuminated that optimism exerts indirect effects on three facets of mental well-being through resilience. In parallel, research findings by Khademi and Kadkhodaie (2015) corroborate that learned optimism has a substantial impact on enhancing motivation for academic progress.
Methodology
This study unfolded by harnessing correlation-structural equation modeling. The target population comprised all individuals in Mashhad grappling with physical-mobility disabilities, and a sample of 218 participants was randomly drawn. Data were gathered through administration of the Helms & Spencer (1977) Achievement Motivation Scale, Schwartz (1999) Self-Efficacy Scale, Scheier & Carver (1985) Optimism Scale, and Connor & Davidson (2003) Resiliency Scale. Following the gathering of questionnaires, the study utilized AMOS-24 and SPSS-24 software for data analysis. Subsequently, data analysis was performed via Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling (path analysis) techniques.
Results
In summary, the outcome of the Bootstrapping test and the Sobel test in this study has indicated that the indirect effects of resilience and optimism, on self-efficacy, through motivation to progress, are significant at a confidence level of 0.99. This outcome substantiates the notion that motivation to progress plays a mediating role in the relationship between resilience and self-efficacy as well as between optimism and self-efficacy. Furthermore, the study findings substantiated that both resilience and optimism demonstrate a positive and statistically significant influence on both motivation for progress and self-efficacy. Moreover, the results revealed that motivation to progress exerts a positive and statistically significant impact on self-efficacy.
Figure 1: Mediation Model of Achievement Motivation in the Relationship between Optimism and Resiliency with Self-Efficacy in Individuals with Physical-Mobility Disabilities
Discussion
The purpose of the research was to investigate the mediatory role of motivation to progress in the relationship between optimism and resilience with self-efficacy among individuals with physical-mobility disabilities. Notably, the results of the study indicated that resilience and optimism have a positive and statistically significant impact on self-efficacy, with motivation for progress serving as the intermediary factor. This observation can be explained by asserting that individuals with physical-mobility disabilities, who display optimistic stances towards circumstances and anticipate favorable outcomes in the face of adverse events, tend to remain unperturbed and adaptable in the face of their condition, eschewing avoidance and instead viewing obstacles as potential gateways to success. Rather than perceiving limitations as hindrances, they endeavor to transform them into opportunities, viewing challenges as catalysts for triumph.
It appears that when individuals with physical-mobility disabilities possess the ability to adapt or effectively cope with their challenging circumstances, rather than disengaging, they confront the situation directly and, by bolstering their resilience, they discover greater motivation to reach goals and attain success. Consequently, they experience increased motivation in their progress and heightened optimism. These factors empower them to persist in difficult scenarios and employ more efficient strategies, ultimately resulting in enhanced performance. Indeed, resilience and optimism can play a pivotal role in making individuals with physical-mobility disabilities more hopeful in the face of challenges and problems, thereby fostering an increased motivation to progress and facilitating the selection of superior solutions. This heightened self-efficacy, in turn, reinforces the motivation and capacity of these individuals to confront obstacles and achieve their objectives, especially when confronted with constraints related to their disability or difficulties stemming from living with a disability.
Conclusion
The results of the study revealed that resilience and optimism, with progress motivation as the mediating factor, significantly and positively influence self-efficacy among individuals with physical-mobility disabilities. Specifically, resilience and optimism can directly and indirectly contribute to an enhancement in self-efficacy in such individuals, subsequently impacting their motivation to progress in a positive manner. Disabled individuals with heightened resilience exhibit greater prowess in managing stress and challenges, effectively utilizing their abilities and functional capacities. Individuals with a higher self-assuredness in their capabilities and competencies generally manifest increased optimism in the face of diverse challenges, refraining from succumbing to disappointment despite encountering disability and adversity. In essence, they are likely to experience augmented motivation to progress. The boost in motivation to progress, paired with enhanced resilience and optimism, also contributes to heightened self-efficacy among individuals with physical-mobility impairments. Hence, it is crucial to prioritize the optimism and resilience of these individuals since it can have a positive influence on their progress motivation and self-efficacy.
Yuosef Gorgi; Razieh Keivanpour
Abstract
The birth of a disabled child can have severe negative effects on mothers; Because they have to fulfill more demands. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive thinking training on hope and life satisfaction in mothers with disabled children. The research method was ...
Read More
The birth of a disabled child can have severe negative effects on mothers; Because they have to fulfill more demands. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive thinking training on hope and life satisfaction in mothers with disabled children. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up design and control group. The research sample consisting of 30 mothers with disabled children under the auspices of Shahinshahr Welfare Organization in 2016 was selected by purposive sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Participants completed the Hope Scale (Schneider et al., 1991) and Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (Diner et al., 1985) at the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages. Experimental group was trained for 8 sessions of 60 minutes per week in positive thinking training and the control group did not receive any training. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed that in the variable of hope, time factor (p<0.05, F=16.907), group factor (p<0.05, F=19.864) and time and group interaction (p<0.05, F=17.996) and in life satisfaction variable, time factor (p<0.05, F=8.757), group factor (p<0.05, F=8.806) and time and group interaction (P<0.05, F=9.543) are significant that these findings indicate that there is a significant difference between the two groups in the three stages of research on the factor of hope and life satisfaction. Therefore, positive thinking training in psychological centers can be used as an effective treatment to improve the hope and life satisfaction of mothers with disabilities
neda khodakaramian; MOHSEN NIAZI; elham shafaei
Abstract
In recent decades, the social exclusion of people with disabilities has become an up-to-date topic for analyzing issues and problems at various levels and dimensions. In fact, the most obvious feature of the social status of people with disabilities is the issue of their social exclusion. Accordingly, ...
Read More
In recent decades, the social exclusion of people with disabilities has become an up-to-date topic for analyzing issues and problems at various levels and dimensions. In fact, the most obvious feature of the social status of people with disabilities is the issue of their social exclusion. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the rate of social exclusion of the physically disabled people, and the extent of its difference based on the type of disability, severity and cause of disability of the individuals. This research was based on the social survey method. The sample size consisted of 528 people with physical disabilities who were selected and examined by the convenience sampling method due to access problems. The results of the study indicated that the rate of social exclusion in the majority of the subjects was moderate to high. Findings of the one-way analysis of the variance test indicated that there was no significant difference in the mean score of social exclusion of the disabled individuals based on the type and cause of their disability. However, the results of the Fisher test were significant in relation to the difference between the mean score of social exclusion among the disabled based on the severity of disability with a value of (sig = .05 and F = 2.942) at an error level of less than .05 and with 95% confidence. Accordingly, the severity of disability in people with disabilities reduced their participation in social life, their marginalization, and social exclusion. In this regard, it is necessary for the society to adopt approaches to facilitate the presence and participation of the disabled in the society so that they are not excluded from the social spheres due to their disability.
naser yoosefi; bantolHoda karimipoor
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program (MBSR) on the self-efficacy and frustration tolerance in parents of physical-motor disabled children. The research had a quasi-experimental method with pre-test and post-test, and a follow-up for experimental ...
Read More
The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program (MBSR) on the self-efficacy and frustration tolerance in parents of physical-motor disabled children. The research had a quasi-experimental method with pre-test and post-test, and a follow-up for experimental and control groups. The statistical population consisted of parents of physical-motor disabled children with records in the Welfare Organization of Pol-e Dokhtar County in 2017. Samples were selected using the convenience sampling method and randomly put into two 16-subject groups namely the experimental and control groups. Training the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program (MBSR) was presented to the experimental group in 8 two-hour sessions per week, but the control group did not receive any training. Both groups were assessed by Dumka's Parenting Self Efficacy Measure (PSAM) and Harrington's Frustration Discomfort Scale (FDS) a week before the first session, a week after the last session, and 30 days later. The results of repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (RM-MANOVA) indicated that the training program had an effect on the improvement of parenting self-efficacy and frustration tolerance; and the experimental group had a mean higher than the control group at the post-test and follow-up stages (P<0.0001). Findings of the present study provided a clear perspective on the use of new mindfulness treatment in reducing psychological problems and presented a desirable basis for implementing this training program and method in the prevention and investigation of interpersonal problems.
ali farhodian; mosaiieb iarmohammadi vasel; mandana sadeghi; mohammad esmaeel saveri; leila soleimani nia; hamidreza maghami
Abstract
Object: This study conducted to identify the target groups of research center for psychology and special needs in psychological, social, spiritual and physical aspects. Material and method: The study is a qualitative research with grounded theory method. After reviewing the relevant literature, 10 groups ...
Read More
Object: This study conducted to identify the target groups of research center for psychology and special needs in psychological, social, spiritual and physical aspects. Material and method: The study is a qualitative research with grounded theory method. After reviewing the relevant literature, 10 groups were purposed as individuals with special needs and 100 people were selected through a purposeful sampling. These groups included: children, aged people, people with a sensory motor disability, psychiatric patients and mental retards, people with special medical needs. Substance abusers, prisoners, marginated people or minorities, people with low socioeconomic status, pregnant women. Data was collected in semi-structured interviews and then was analyzed with Strauss & Corbin coding manner or continued comparison. Findings: Most important domains of special needs in our groups were: family, education, amusement, movement and transportation, building and places (houses and public places), social participation and occupation, treatment and rehabilitation services, and people's attitude toward their problems. Result: "special need" term is related to disability, disability often is due to one's characteristics and obstacles caused from society. There are several barriers in obviating the needs and majority of them are occured by human such as non efficient systems and services, discriminatory policies, prejudice attitudes, etc. in order to enhancing social participation of disabled people and promoting their life styles as equal as other people, the public systems such as places and buildings, houses, transportation, educational and vocational opportunities and socio-cultural life (e.g. sport and amusement equipments) should be available for all people in a equal way and proper to their abilities and needs.
aseyeh shamradloo; Diba Seyf
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the self-determination and its dimensions between students with and without intellectual disability. Research methodology is the form of scientific-comparison. The population of the study consisted of all students with and without intellectual disability age ...
Read More
The aim of the present study was to compare the self-determination and its dimensions between students with and without intellectual disability. Research methodology is the form of scientific-comparison. The population of the study consisted of all students with and without intellectual disability age 14 years and older which in educated year 91-92 are educating at schools in shiraz. The participans of this study were 120 students (60 with intellectual disability and 60 without intellectual disability) with age of 14 and above, which in targeted way were selected from the school related to with and without intellectual disability students. In this research, self-determination and its dimensions were evaluated by using Self-Determination Scale (Gomezvela.et.al,2012). In order to analysis the data, two way analyse of variance and repeated measures were used. The results indicated that students with intellectual disability gain lower score in self-determination rather than student without intellectual disability. Also there were not significant difference between boys and girls in total scores of self-determination, behavior autonomy and psychologically empowered dimensions. Only in self-realization there was a significant difference between girls and boys. The other results of this research is that, among the different dimension of self-determination between two groups students with and without intellectual disability, the higher rank accrued to psychological empowerment and the lower rank accrued to behavioral autonomy. Also according to the parents education levels, there was significant difference in total score of self-determination and its dimensions between both groups of students with and without intellectual disability.