Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Abstract
The purpose of this study was investigating the effectiveness of Reciprocal Imitation Training (RIT) on reducing symptoms of children with autism disorder.Twenty four autistic children (30-54 months old) were selected from a rehabilitation center in Tehran and assigned randomly in to two equal groups of experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 70 sessions (3 days per week, 20 minutes for each session) of RIT through the intervention. The GARZ questionnaire was used as the pre-test and the post-test for the two groups. ANCOVA analysis showed that there were significant differences between mean scores of autisticsymptoms (social interaction, communication and stereotype movements) in two groups. This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of naturalistic behavioral interventionfor improving autistic symptoms in young autistic children.
Keywords
دقیقی خداشهری، آ. ، پوشنه، ک. و همایون جعفری، ا. ( 1391 ). تأثیر استفاده از روبات انسان‌نما در بهبود تماس چشمی کودکان با اختلال درخودماندگی (اوتیسم) فصلنامه تحقیقات علوم رفتاری،10( 3 ): 169 ـ 179.
رفیعی، مجید. ( 1387 ). تاثیر تقلید حرکات غیرگفتاری بر افزایش واژگان بیانی و طول گفته در کودکان مبتلا به اتیسم. پایاننامه دکترا. دانشگاه تبریز. گروه روانشناسی.
Baker-Ericzen, M, Stahmer, A. C, & Burns, A. (2007). Association of child demographics with child outcomes in a community-based pivotal response training program. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 9(1), 52-60.
Carpenter, M, Akhtar, N, & Tomasello, M. (1998). Fourteen- through eighteen-month-old infants differentially imitate intentional and accidental actions. Infant Behaviour and Development, 21, 315–330.
DeMyer, M, Alpern, G, Barton, S, DeMyer, W, Churchill, D, Hingtgen, J, Bryson, C, Pontius, W, & Kimberlin, C. (1972). Imitation in autistic, early schizophrenic, and non-psychotic subnormal children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 2, 264-287.
Hobson, R. P, & Lee, A. (1999).Imitation and identification in autism. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 40, 649-659.
Ingersoll, B. ( 2003 ). Teaching children with autism to imitate using a Naturalistic Treatment Aproach: Effect on imitation, language, play, and social behaviors.( Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, San Diego).
Ingersoll, B. (2008). The social role of imitation in autism: Implications for the treatment of imitation deficits. Infants & Young Children, 21(2), 107–119.
Ingersoll, B. & Gergans, S. (2007). The effect of a parent-implemented naturalistic imitation intervention on spontaneous imitation skills in young children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28, 163-175.
Ingersoll, B. & Lalonde, K. (2010). The Impact of Object and Gesture Imitation Training on Language Use in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 53, 1040–1051.
Ingersoll, B, Lewis, E, & Kroman, E. (2007). Teaching the imitation and spontaneous use of descriptive gestures to young children with autism using a naturalistic behavioral intervention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1446–1456.
Ingersoll, B., Schreibman, L, & Tran, Q. (2003). The effect of sensory feedback on immediate object imitation in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 673-683.
Ingersoll, B. & Schreibman, L. (2006). Teaching reciprocal imitation skills to young children with autism using a naturalistic behavioral approach: Effects on language, pretend play, and joint attention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 487-505.
Poushaneh, Kambiz, Siampour, Najmeh, ZadehMohamadi, Ali (2012).The Effect of Reciprocal Imitation Training on Imitation Ability to Children with Autism. Conference WCPCG-2012 in Izmir in Turkey.
Rogers, S, Bennetto, L, McEvoy, R, & Pennington, B. (1996). Imitation and pantomime in high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Child Development, 67, 2060–2073.
Rogers, S. J. & Williams, J. H. G. (2006).Imitation in autism findings and controversies. In S.J. Rogers & J. H. G. Williams (Eds.), Imitation and the social mind autism and typical development (pp. 277–309). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Schreibman L. 2000. Intensive Behavioral/ Psychoeducational Treatments for Autism: Research Needs and Future Directions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.. 30(5):373-378.
Smith, I. M, & Bryson, S. E. (1998). Gesture imitation in autism I: Non symbolic postures and sequences. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 15, 747–770.
Tsakiris, E. (2000). Evaluating effective interventions for children with autism and related disorders: Widening the view and changing the perspective. In Interdisciplinary Council on Developmental and Learning Disorders' clinical practice guidelines: Redefining the standards of care for infants, children, and families with special needs (pp. 725-818). Bethesda, MD: Interdisciplinary Council on Developmental and Learning Disorders.
Vanvuchelen, M. (2009). Imitation problems in children with autism spectrum disorders .A study of their nature, clinical significance and utility in diagnosis. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University Leuven, Belgium).
Want, S. C, & Harris, P. L. (2002). How do children ape? Applying concepts from the study of non-human primates to the developmental study of ‘‘imitation” in children. Developmental Science, 5, 1–4.
Whalen, Ch. Schreibman, L & Ingersoll, B. (2006). The Collateral Effects of Joint Attention Training on Social Initiations, Positive Affect, Imitation, and Spontaneous Speech for Young Children with Autism, Journal of Autismand Developmental Disorders, 36:6
)