Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of psychology and education of exceptional children, faculty of psychology and education sciences, Tehran university, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

3 Ph.D. Student in Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran.

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of a music-based developmental relation therapy program on the promotion of the mother-child relationship of children with an autistic spectrum disorder. The statistical population of this study consisted of all primary school children with level 1 autistic spectrum disorder (Requiring support) that referred to the Autism Charity Center of Tehran. Sixteen boys with autistic spectrum disorder and their mothers were conveniently selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (N=8). ATEC, GARS-2, and MCRE questionnaires were used to diagnose autism disorder and the effectiveness of the intervention program. The results of one-way ANOVA (between groups) showed that there was a significant difference between the study’s groups in Overprotection (F28,1=13/26, p=0/001, η^2=0/32 ) and Acceptance, F28,1=9/38, p= 0/01, η^2=0/25 ). Indeed, the average of the intervention group in the Overprotection and Acceptance subscales were lower and greater than the control groups respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that the music-based developmental relation therapy program significantly increased the mother-child relationship of children with an autistic spectrum disorder.

Keywords

منابع
احمدی، سیدجعفر؛ صفری، طیبه؛ همتیان، منصوره؛ خلیلی، زهرا (1390). بررسی شاخص­های روان‌سنجی آزمون تشخیصی اوتیسم. مجله پژوهش‌های علوم شناختی و رفتاری.1 (1). 104-87.
خانجانی، زینب؛ هاشمی، تورج؛ پیمان نیا، بهرام؛ آقاگل زاده، مریم (1395). رابطه کیفیت تعامل مادر – کودک در اضطراب جدایی و مدرسه هراسی در کودکان. مجله پزشکی ارومیه، 25 (3). 231-240.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Pub.
Boshoff, K., Bowen, H., Paton, H., Cameron-Smith, S., Graetz, S., Young, A., & Lane, K. (2020). Child Development Outcomes of DIR/Floortime TM-based Programs: A Systematic Review. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 87(2), 153-164.
Cridland, E. K., Jones, S. C., Magee, C. A., & Caputi, P. (2014). Family-focused autism spectrum disorder research: A review of the utility of family systems approaches. Autism, 18(3), 213-222.
Deb, S. S., Retzer, A., Roy, M., Acharya, R., Limbu, B., & Roy, A. (2020). The effectiveness of parent training for children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analyses. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 1-24.
De Clercq, L. E., Prinzie, P., Warreyn, P., Soenens, B., Dieleman, L. M., & De Pauw, S. S. (2021). Expressed emotion in families of children with and without autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy and down syndrome: relations with parenting stress and parenting behaviors. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1-18.
Dionne, M., & Martini, R. (2011). Floor time play with a child with autism: A single-subject study. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 78(3), 196-203.
Geier, D. A., Kern, J. K., & Geier, M. R. (2013). A comparison of the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) for the quantitative evaluation of autism. Journal of mental health research in intellectual disabilities, 6(4), 255-267.
Greenspan, N. S. (2018). Autism, evolution, and the inadequacy of ‘spectrum’. Evolution, medicine, and public health, 2018(1), 213-216.
Greenspan, S. I. & Wieder, S., (2006). Engaging Autism: Using the Floortime Approach to Help Children Relate, Communicate, and Think. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Lifelong Books. CONTACT DETAILS.
Hickey, E. J., Hartley, S. L., & Papp, L. (2020). Psychological Well‐Being and Parent‐Child Relationship Quality in Relation to Child Autism: An Actor‐Partner Modeling Approach. Family process, 59(2), 636-650.
Hoffman, C. D., Sweeney, D. P., Hodge, D., Lopez-Wagner, M. C., & Looney, L. (2009). Parenting stress and closeness: Mothers of typically developing children and mothers of children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 24(3), 178-187.
Horn, S. E. (2011). DIR/Floortime Model: Using relationship-based intervention to increase social-emotional functioning in children with Autism. Research Papers, 67, 1-29.
Hutchison, L., Feder, M., Abar, B., & Winsler, A. (2016). Relations between parenting stress, parenting style, and child executive functioning for children with ADHD or autism. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(12), 3644-3656.
Keenan, B. M., Newman, L. K., Gray, K. M., & Rinehart, N. J. (2016). Parents of children with ASD experience more psychological distress, parenting stress, and attachment-related anxiety. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(9), 2979-2991.
Ku, B., Stinson, J. D., & MacDonald, M. (2019). Parental behavior comparisons between parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and parents of children without Autism Spectrum Disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(6), 1445-1460.
Liao, S. T., Hwang, Y. S., Chen, Y. J., Lee, P., Chen, S. J., & Lin, L. Y. (2014). Home-based DIR/Floortime™ intervention program for preschool children with autism spectrum disorders: Preliminary findings. Physical & occupational therapy in pediatrics, 34(4), 356-367.
Lorang, E., Hong, J., Song, J., DaWalt, L. S., & Mailick, M. (2021). Verbal Ability, Behavior Problems, and Mother–Child Relationship Quality in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1-16.
Mahapatra, S., Khokhlovich, E., Martinez, S., Kannel, B., Edelson, S. M., & Vyshedskiy, A. (2020). Longitudinal epidemiological study of autism subgroups using autism treatment evaluation checklist (ATEC) score. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 50(5), 1497-1508.
Maynard, D. W., McDonald, T. A., & Stickle, T. (2016). Parents as a team: Mother, father, a child with autism spectrum disorder, and a spinning toy. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 46(2), 406-423.
McMillan, David W. (2006). Emotion rituals: A resource for therapists and clients. Taylor & Francis Group.
Memari, A. H., Shayestehfar, M., Mirfazeli, F. S., Rashidi, T., Ghanouni, P., & Hafizi, S. (2013). Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the autism treatment evaluation checklist in Persian. Iranian journal of pediatrics, 23(3), 269.
Mercer, J. (2017). Examining DIR/Floortime as a treatment for children with autism spectrum disorders: A review of research and theory. Research on Social Work Practice, 27(5), 625-635.
Mohammadi, M., & Zarafshan, H. (2014). Family function, parenting style and broader autism phenotype as predicting factors of psychological adjustment in typically developing siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders. Iranian journal of psychiatry, 9(2), 55.
Obeid, R., & Daou, N. (2015). The effects of coping style, social support, and behavioral problems on the well-being of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders in Lebanon. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 10, 59-70.
O’Neill, L. P., & Murray, L. E. (2016). Perceived parenting styles fail to mediate between anxiety and attachment styles in adult siblings of individuals with developmental disabilities. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 46(9), 3144-3154.
Pajareya, K., & Nopmaneejumruslers, K. (2012). A one-year prospective follow-up study of a DIR/Floortime™ parent training intervention for preschool children with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 95(9), 1184.
Paz-Albo Prieto, J. (2018). Enhancing the quality of early childhood education and care: ECEC tutors’ perspectives of family engagement in Spain. Early Child Development and Care, 188(5), 613-623.
Praphatthanakunwong, N., Kiatrungrit, K., Hongsanguansri, S., & Nopmaneejumruslers, K. (2018). Factors associated with parent engagement in DIR/Floortime for treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder. General psychiatry, 31(2).
Pruitt, M. M., Willis, K., Timmons, L., & Ekas, N. V. (2016). The impact of maternal, child, and family characteristics on the daily well-being and parenting experiences of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 20(8), 973-985.
Riany, Y. E., Cuskelly, M., & Meredith, P. (2019). Parenting style among Indonesian parents of a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Associations with socio-economic status and social supports. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 31(3), 267-283.
Robinson, M., Doherty, D. A., Cannon, J., Hickey, M., Rosenthal, S. L., Marino, J. L., & Skinner, S. R. (2019). Comparing adolescent and parent reports of externalizing problems: A longitudinal population‐based study. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 37(2), 247-268.
Sarachan, J. (2012, September). Virtual floortime using games to engage children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. In 2012 IEEE International Games Innovation Conference (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
Schaefer, G. B. (2016). Clinical genetic aspects of autism spectrum disorders. International journal of molecular sciences, 17(2), 180.
Shalev, R. A., Lavine, C., & Di Martino, A. (2019). A systematic review of the role of parent characteristics in parent-mediated interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 1-21.
Shillingsburg, M. A., Hansen, B., & Frampton, S. (2018). Clinical application of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy to promote play and vocalizations in young children with autism spectrum disorder: A case study and recommendations. In Handbook of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for Children on the Autism Spectrum (pp. 483-500). Springer, Cham.
Thompson, G. A., Shanahan, E. C., & Gordon, I. (2019). The role of music-based parent-child play activities in supporting social engagement with children on the autism spectrum: A content analysis of parent interviews. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 28(2), 108-130.
Troshanska, J., Trajkovski, V., Jurtoski, F., & Preece, D. (2019). The impact of ASD on Macedonian families and their experience of parent education. Journal of Special Education and Rehabilitation.
Vaggemose, U., Lou, S., Frumer, M., Christiansen, N. L. S., Aagaard, J., & Qrtenblad, L. (2017). Community Families: Bridging the gap between mental health services and civil society–A qualitative study from users’ perspective. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 63(2), 132-138.
van Esch, L., Ceulemans, E., Van Leeuwen, K., & Noens, I. (2019). The association between parenting behaviours of mothers of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and adolescent and mother characteristics. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 65, 46-55.
Ventola, P., Lei, J., Paisley, C., Lebowitz, E., & Silverman, W. (2017). Parenting a child with ASD: Comparison of parenting style between ASD, anxiety, and typical development. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 47(9), 2873-2884.
Vermeirsch, J., Verhaeghe, L., Casaer, A., Faes, F., Oostra, A., & Roeyers, H. (2021). Diagnosing autism spectrum disorder in toddlers born very preterm: estimated prevalence and usefulness of screeners and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(5), 1508-1527.
Wachspress, B., Maeir, A., & Mazor-Karsenty, T. (2019). Content Validity of the Parentship Protocol: A Multidimensional Intervention for Parents of Adolescents with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder. Physical & occupational therapy in pediatrics, 39(4), 373-387.
Zlomke, K. R., Bauman, S., & Edwards, G. S. (2019). An exploratory study of the utility of the dyadic parent-child interaction coding system for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 31(4), 501-518.
Zlomke, K. R., & Jeter, K. (2020). Comparative Effectiveness of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy for Children with and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 50(6), 2041-2052.