Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Abstract
Objective:The aim of the present study was to a) to determine the prevalence of child abuse and b) to predict it from a study of parents’ depression and anxiety, and attachment style and mental health of their adolescent sons.
Method: The population of the study comprises all adolescent boys enrolled in middle schools in Ardabil city. To determine the prevalence of different types of child-abuse a survey was conducted, and to predict it a discriminant functional analysis was used. The prevalence sample comprised 2000 students selected through a multi-stage random sampling procedure, of which 200 students scoring high and 200 scoring low were selected for hypotheses testing. Data were collected using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Beck Depression Inventory, II (BDI-II),State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), modified Hazan & Shaver Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) and Symptom Check List 90 (SCL-90-R). Descriptive statistics and discriminant function analysis were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that 14.85% of the subjects were exposed to child-abuse, with emotional abuse being most prevalent. Furthermore, child abuse can be predicted from the variables of parents’ depression and anxiety, attachment style and mental health of their adolescent sons. Conclusion and recommendations: Considering the destructive effects of child abuse, by research into child abuse and identification of its predictive factors, necessary interventions can be implemented to prevent it.
Keywords
منابع فارسی
آئین، فرشته؛ دریس، فاطمه و شاهقلیان، ناهید. (1380). بررسی اشکال مختلف سوء رفتار با کودک و برخی عوامل مستعد کنندۀ آن.فصلنامۀ پرستاری و مامائی ایران، نشریۀ دانشکدۀ پرستاری و مامائی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران. صص 54 -47،(14)28 .
شفیع پور، زهرا. (1380). سهل انگاری و سوء رفتار با کودک. انتشارات سالمی.
مدنی، سعید. (1383). کودک آزاری در ایران. انتشارات اکنون.
نوروزی، فاطمه؛ الهی، اصغر و براهنی، محمدتقی. (1372). بررسی میزان گزارش پیشینۀ کودک آزاری و بی‌توجهی در ارتباط با تفاوت‌های جمعیت‌شناسی و نیز ارتباط آن با شدت افسردگی در دانش‌آموزان دبیرستانهای تهران. دومین سمینار سراسری اختلالات رفتاری در کودکان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی زنجان.
منابع لاتین
Baird, S. C. (1988) .Development of risk assessment indices for the Alaska Department of Health and Social Service. In: Validation Research in CPS Risk Assessment: Three Recent Studies (ed Tatara T.), pp. 91-136. American Public Welfare Association. Washington, DC.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A. & Brown, G. K. (1996) .Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II., TX: Psychological Corporation, San Antonio.
Bernstein. D. P. (1995) .CTQ (53 item version). Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York.
Bernstien, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., Sapareto, E. & Ruggeiro, J. (1994) .Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective of child-abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry 151(8), 1132-1136.
Bennett, D. S., Sullivan, M. W., & Lewis, M. (2010). Neglected Children, Shame- Proneness, and Depressive Symptoms. Child Maltreatreatment, 15: 305-314
Brody, G. H. & Forehand, R. (1986) .Maternal perceptions of child maladjustment as a function of the combined influence of child behavior and maternal depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54, 237-240.
Brown, J. (2000) .Childhood abuse and neglect specifity of effects on adolescent and young adult depression and suicidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 39, 677-678.
Coohey, C. (2000) .The role of friends, in–laws, and other kin in father- perpetrated child physical abuse. Child Welfare 79 (4), 373-402.
Coohey, C. (2006) .Physically abusive father and risk assessment. Child-abuse & Neglect 30, 467-480.
Creigton, S. (2004). Prevalence and incidence of child abuse: International comparison. NSPCC Information. The online Child Protection Resource. Available in www.nspcc.org.
Crowell, J.A., Fraley, R.C. & Shover, P.R. (1999). Measurement of individual differences in adolescents and adult attachment. In: Handbook of Attachment. Theory, Research and Clinical Applications, (eds Cassing J. & Shaver P.R.), pp 434-465. Guilford, New York.
Currie, J. & Widom, C. S. (2010). Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect on Adult Economic Well-Being. Child Maltreatreatment, 15: 111-120.
Edleson, J. L. (1999). Problem with children's witnessing of domestic violence. National Electronic Network on violence against women. Available in www.vaw.umn.edu.
Egeland, B. & Sroufe, L. A. (1981) .Developmental sequence of maltreatment in infancy. In: R. Rizley, & D. Cicchetti, (Eds.), New direction for child development. Developmental Perspective on Child Maltreatment 11, 77-92.
Emery, R. E. & Laumann-Billings, L. (1998). An overview of the nature, cause, and consequences of abusive family relationships. American Psychologist 53, 121-135.
Euser, E. M., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Prinzie, P., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J . (2010). Prevalence of Child Maltreatment in the Netherlands. Child Maltreament, 15: 5-17
Fergusson, D. M., Lynskey, M. T. & Horwood, L. J. (1993) .The effect of maternal depression on maternal ratings of child behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 21, 245-269
Foster, B., Forsyth, J. & Herbert, S. (1994) .The cycle of family violence among criminal offenders: A study of Inmates in one Louisiana Jail. Free Inquiry In creative Sociology 22, 133-137.
Gelles, R. J. & Straus, M. (1988). Family Violence. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Pablication.
Griest, D. L., Forehand, R., Wells, K. C. & McMahon, R. J .(1980). An examination of differences between no clinic and behavior-problem clinic-referred children and their mothers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 89, 497-500.
Guterman, N. B., Lee, S. J., Taylor, C. A., & Rathouz, P. J. (2009). Parental perceptions of neighborhood perceptions, stress, personal control, and risk for physical child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, Volume 33, 12, 897-906.
Holi, M. (2003) .Assessment of psychiatric symptoms using the SCL-90. Academic . dissertation 28(3), 1-83.
Hammen, C., Rudolph, K., Weisz, J., Rao, U. & Burge, D. (1999) .The context of depression in clinic-referred youth: Neglected areas in treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38, 64-71.
Harter, S. & Taylor, T. (2000) .Parental alcoholism: Child-abuse and adult adjustment. Journal of Substance Abuse 11, 31-44.
Hildyard, K. L. & Wolfe, D. A. (2002) .Child neglect: Developmental issues and outcomes. Child-abuse & Neglect 26, 679-695.
Higgins, D. J. & McCabe, M. P. (2000) .Multi-type maltreatment and the long-term adjustment of adults. Journal of Family studies, 4, 53-76.
Ireland, T. O., Smith, C. A. & Thornberry, T. P. (2002) .Development issues in the impact of child maltreatment on later delinquency and drug use. Criminology 40, 359-399.
Kaplan, S. (1999) .Child and adolescent abuse and neglect research: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of child and Adolescent Psychiatry 30(10), 2221-4121.
Margolin, G. (2000) .The effect of family and community violence on children. Annual Review of Psychology 51, 445-479.
Mash, E. & Wolfe, D. (1999) .Abnormal child psychology. International Thomson Publishing Company.
Miller-Perrin C.L., Perrin, R. D. (1999).Child maltreatment: An introduction. California: Sage Publication.
Muller, G. (1999) .Understanding the origins and incidence of child maltreatment. California: Sage Publication.
National Clearinghouse on Child-abuse and Neglect information (2004) Long-term consequences of child-abuse and neglect. Available in www. nccanch. hhs. gov.
Paolucci, E. (2000). A meta analysis of published research on the effect of child sexual abuse. The Journal of Psychology 35(1), 17-36.
Pittman, J. F. & Buckley, R. R. (2006) .Comparing maltreating fathers and mothers in terms of personal distress, interpersonal functioning and perceptions of family climate. Child-abuse & Neglect 30, 481-490.
Rodriguez, C. M. (2010). Personal contextual characteristics and cognitions predicting child abuse potential and disciplinary style. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25 (2), 315-335.
Showers, C. J. Zeigler-Hill, V. & Limke, A. (2006) .Self-Structure and childhood maltreatment: Successful compartmentalization and struggle of integration. Journal of Social Psychology 25, 473-508.
Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L.& Lushene, R.E. (1970) .State Trait Anxiety Inventory - Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Turner, H.A., Finkelhor, D., & Ormrod, R. (2010). Child Mental Health Problems as Risk Factors for Victimization. Child Maltreatment, 15: 132-14.
U.S. Department of Health and Humman Serviece (USDHHS). (2003). Child maltreatment. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. maltreatment. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
World Health Organization (WHO) and International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN). (2006). Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence. Available from http://whqlibdoc. who.int/publications /2006/9241594365eng.pdf
Zuravin, S. (1988) .Child-abuse, child neglect, and maternal depression: Is there a connection? In National Center on Child-abuse and Neglect (Ed.) Child neglect monograph: Proceedings from a symposium. Washington, DC: Clearinghouse on Child-abuse and Neglect Information.
)