Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 M.A. of General Psychology. Imam Khomeini International University
2 Associate Professor of Psychology, Imam Khomeini International University
3 Associate Professor Psychology, Imam Khomeini International University
Abstract
This research aimed to investigate the mediating role of the mother’s mindfulness and family resiliency on the relationship between child with autism spectrum disorder behavior problems and mother’s psychological well-being. Statistical populations of the study were mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder who were 3 to 16 years old in Tehran, Karaj and Qazvin cities. 170 mothers were selected through purposeful sampling. The research tools included Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being (RSPWB-18), Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS). Path analysis showed that mother’s mindfulness and family resiliency played a mediating role in the relationship between child with autism spectrum disorder behavior problems and mother’s psychological well-being. So, it is suggested that psychotherapist not only pay enough attention to the problems of children with ASD but also consider their parent’s mental health, family circumstances and other available sources of support in the society for achieving a comprehensive view of the situation.
Keywords
تبریزچی، ن؛ و وحیدی، ز. (1394). مقایسه‌ی تنظیم هیجان، ذهن آگاهی و بهزیستی روان‌شناختی در مادران دانش‌آموزان با و بدون ناتوانی یادگیری. ناتوانی‌های یادگیری، 4(4)، 35–21.
چیمه، ن. پوراعتماد، ح. ر؛ و خرم‌آبادی، ر. (1386). مشکلات و نیازهای مادران کودکان مبتلابه اختلال‌های طیف اوتیسم (پژوهش کیفی). فصلنامه‌ی خانواده پژوهی، 3(3)، 77-69.
حسینی، ف. س؛ و حسین‌چاری، م. (1392). بررسی شواهد مرتبط با روایی و پایایی مقیاس تاب‌آوری خانواده. فصلنامه‌یمشاوره و روان‌درمانی خانواده، 3(2)، 28-18.
خانجانی، م. شهیدی، ش. فتح‌آبادی، ج. مظاهری، م. ع؛ و شکری، ا. (1393). ساختار عاملی و ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی فرم کوتاه (18 سوالی) مقیاس بهزیستی روان‌شناختی ریف در دانشجویان دختر وپسر. اندیشه‌ی نو، 32(8)، 39-27.
دهقانی، م. اسماعیلیان، ن. اکبری، ف. حسنوند، م؛ و نیک‌منش، ا. (1393). بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی و ساختار عاملی پرسشنامه‌ی پنج‌وجهی ذهن آگاهی. اندیشه و رفتار در روان‌شناسی بالینی، 33(9)، 88-77.
شاهمرادی، ر. (1385). هنجار‌یابی پرسشنامه‌ی بررسی نقاط ضعف و قوت کودک و همه‌گیرشناسی اختلال‌های رفتاری-هیجانی کودکان دبستانشهرستان شهرکرد (پایان‌نامه‌ی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه روان‌شناسی بالینی، انستیتو روان‌پزشکی تهران).
صمدی، ع. (1392). کودکان دارای اوتیسم (راهنمای آموزش برای والدین و مربیان). تهران: انتشارات دوران.
صیدی، م. س. پور‌ابراهیم، ت. باقریان، ف؛ و منصور، ل. (1390). رابطه‌ی بین معنویت خانواده با تاب‌آوری آن، با واسطه‌گری کیفیت ارتباط در خانواده. روش‌ها و مدل‌های روان‌شناختی، 5(2)، 79-60.
عالی، ش. ب. یزدی، س. ا. ا. عبدخدایی، م. س. غنایی، ع؛ و محرری، ف. (1394). کارکرد تحولی خانواده‌های دارای فرزند مبتلابه اختلال طیف اوتیسم در مقایسه با خانواده‌های دارای فرزند سالم. مجله‌ی دانشکده‌ی پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، 58(1)، 41-32.
مداح‌کرانی، س. ز. الهی، ط؛ و فتحی‌آشتیانی، ع. (1392). تبیین بهزیستی روان‌شناختی بر اساس سازه‌های معنویت و تاب‌آوری در دانشجویان. علوم رفتاری، 7(4)، 362-355.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Ed.), (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Pub.
Arce, E. Simmons, A. Stein, M. Winkielman, P. Hitchcock, C. & Paulus, M. (2008). Association between individual differences in self–reported emotional resilience and the affective perception of neutral faces. Journal of affective disorders, 2(4), 12-31.
Baer, R. A. Smith, G. T. Hopkins, J. Krietemeyer, J. & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27-45.
Buchheld, N. Grossman, P. & Walach, H. (2002). Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (Vipassana) and meditation- based psychotherapy: The development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research. 1, 11–34.
Bayat, M. (2007). Evidence of resilience in families of children with autism. Journal of intellectual disability Research, 51(9), 702-714.
Beer, M. Ward, L. & Moarg, K. (2013). The relationship between mindful parenting and distress in parents of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of mindfulness, 4(2), 102-112.
Bekhet, A. & Johnson, N. L. (2012). Resilience infamily members of persons with Autism Spectrum disorder:a review of the literature, journal of mental health nursing, 33(10), 650-656.
Birch, S. & Frederickson, N. (2015). Educating children with autism. Educational Psychology (3th ed). Londen & New York: routledge.
Bitsika, V. Sharpley, C. F. & Bell, R. (2013). The buffering effect of resilience upon stress, anxiety and depression in parents of a child with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 25(5), 533-543.
Brown, K. W. & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Perils and promise in defining and measuring mindfulness: Observations from experience. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 11(3), 242-48.
Cachia, R. L. Anderson, A. & Moore, D. W. (2016). Mindfulness, Stress and Well-Being in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(1), 1-14
Carmody, J. & Baer, R. A. (2008). Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of behavioral medicine, 31(1), 23-33.
Chadwick, P. Hember, M. Symes, J. Peters, E. Kuipers, E. & Dagnan, D. (2008). Responding mindfully tounpleasant thoughts and images: reliability and validity of the Southampton mindfulnesquestionnaire (SMQ). British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 47(4), 451-55.
Conner, C. M. & White, S. W. (2014). Stress in mothers of children with autism: Trait mindfulness as a protective factor. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorder, 8(6), 617-624.
Du, Y. Kou, J. & Coghill, D. (2008). The validity, reliability and normative scores of the parent, teacher and self report versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in China. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 2(1), 2-8.
Duca, D. S. (2015). Family resilience and parental stress: the effects on marital relationship in the context of a child diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. Annals of AII Cuza University. Psychology Series, 24(1), 71.
Eisenhower, A. S. Baker, B. L. & Blacher, J. (2005). Preschool children with intellectual disability: syndrome specificity, behavior problems, and maternal well‐being. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49(9), 657-671.
Eley, D. S. Cloninger, C. R. Walters, L. Laurence, C. Synnott, R. & Wilkinson, D. (2013). The relationship between resilience and personality traits in doctors: implications for enhancing well-being. PeerJ, 1(e216), 1-16.
Etset, A. Olson, E. Sullivan, K. Greenson, J. Winter, J. Dawson, G. & Munson, J. (2013). Parenting-related stress and psychological distress in mothers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders, Brain & Development, 35(3), 133–138
Feldman, G. Hayes, A. Kumar, S. Greeson, J. & Laurenceau, J. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the cognitive and affective mindfulness scalerevised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177-90.
Gethin, R. (2011). On some definitions of mindfulness. Contemporary Buddhism, 12(01), 263-279.
Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 38(5), 581-586.
Giallo, R. Wood, E. C. Jellett, R. & Porter, R. (2013). Fatigue, wellbeing and parental self-efficacy in mothers of children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism, 17(4), 465–480.
Giovannini, C. Giromini, L. Bonalume, L. Tagini, A. Lang, M. & Amadei, G. (2014). The Italian five facet mindfulness questionnaire: a contribution to its validity and reliability. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36(3), 415-423.
Jones, L. Hastings, R. P. Totsika, V. Keane, L. & Rhule, N. (2014). Child bihavior problems and parental well-being in families of children with autism: The mediating role of mindfulness and acceptance. American journal on intellectual and developmental disabilities, 119(2), 171-185.
Karst, J. S. & Van Hecke, A. V. (2012). Parent and family impact of autism spectrum disorders: A review and proposed model for intervention evaluation. Clinical child and family psychology review, 15(3), 247-277.
Lai, W. W. Goh, T. J. Oei, T. P. & Sung, M. (2015). Coping and Well-Being in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 8(45), 2582-2593.
Lilly, J. & Tungol, J. R. (2015). Effectiveness of mindfulness based psycho-educational program on parental stress of selected mothers of children with autism. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(1), 52.
MacAskill, K. & Guthrie, P. (2014). Multiple interpretations of resilience in disaster risk management. Procedia Economics and Finance, 18, 667-674.
Magaña, S. & Ghosh, S. (2010). Latina mothers caring for a son or daughter with autism or schizophrenia: similarities, differences, and the relationship between co-residency and maternal well-being. Journal of family social work, 13(3), 227-250.
Maskey, M. Warnell, F. Parr, J. R. Le Couteur, A. & McConachie, H. (2013). Emotional and behavioural problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 43(4), 851-859.
McConnell, D. Savage, A. & Breitkreuz, R. (2014). Resilience in families raising children with disabilities and behavior problems. Research in developmental disabilities, 35(4), 833-848.
Mieloo, C. Raat, H. van Oort, F. Bevaart, F. Vogel, I. Donker, M. & Jansen, W. (2012). Validity and reliability of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in 5–6 year olds: differences by gender or by parental education. PloS ONE, 7(5), e36805.
Neff, K. D. & Faso, D. J. (2015). Self-compassion and well-being in parents of children with autism. Mindfulness, 6(4), 938-947.
Plumb, J. C. (2011). The impact of social support and family resilience on parental stress in families with a child diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Richards, K. C. Campenni, C. E. & Muse-Burke, J. L. (2010). Self-care and well-being in mental health professionals: The mediating effects of self-awareness and mindfulness. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 32(3), 247.
Rivard, M. Terroux, A. Boursier, C. P. & Mercier, M. (2014) Determinants of Stress in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 44(7), 1609-1620.
Ruiz-Robledillo, N. De Andrés-García, S. Pérez-Blasco, J. González-Bono, E. & Moya-Albiol, L. (2014). Highly resilient coping entails better perceived health, high social support and low morning cortisol levels in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in developmental disabilities, 35(3), 686-695.
Rutter, M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094(1), 1-12.
Ryff, C. D. & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of happiness studies, 9(1), 13-39.
Schmidt, J. D. Drasgow, E. Halle, J. W. Martin, C. A. & Bliss, S. A. (2014). Discrete-trial functional analysis and functional communication training with three individuals with autism and severe problem behavior. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 16(1), 44-55.
Segal, Z. V. Williams, J. Mark, G. & Teasdale, J. D. (2013). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. New York: Guilford Press.
Sixbey, M. T. (2005). Development of the family resilience assessment scale to identify family resilience constructs (Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida).
Skrove, M. Romundstad, P. & Indredavik, M. S. (2013). Resilience, lifestyle and symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescence: the Young-HUNT study. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 48(3), 407-416.
Tang, Y. Y. Hölzel, B. K. & Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 213-225.
Totsika, V. Hastings, R. P. Emerson, E. Berridge, D. M. & Lancaster, G. A. (2015). Prosocial skills in young children with autism, and their mothers’psychological well-being: longitudinal relationships. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 13, 25-31.
Vago, D. R. & David, S. A. (2012). Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): a framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 6, 296.
Walsh, F. (2003). Family resilience: A framework for clinical practice. Family process, 42(1), 1-18.
Walsh, F. (2015). Strengthening family resilience (3th ed.). Londen & New York: Guilford Publications.
Weiss, J. A. Cappadocia, C. MacMullin, J. A. Viecili, M. & Lunsky, Y. (2012). The impact of child problem behaviors of children with ASD on parent mental health: The mediating role of acceptance and empowerment. Autism, 16(3), 261-274.
Weitlauf, A. S. Vehorn, A. C. Taylor, J. L. & Warren, Z. E. (2014). Relationship satisfaction, parenting stress, and depression in mothers of children with autism. Autism, 18(2), 194-198.
Zablotsky, B. Bradshaw, C. P. & Stuart, E. A. (2013). The association between mental health, stress, and coping supports in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 43(6), 1380-1393.
)