karim abdolmohamadi; farhad ghadiri
Abstract
Abstract
Depression is a mood disorder that results in persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest. The purpose of this study was to compare the executive functions and sluggish cognitive tempo of individuals with depressive disorder to those who are normal. The present study utilized a descriptive ...
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Abstract
Depression is a mood disorder that results in persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest. The purpose of this study was to compare the executive functions and sluggish cognitive tempo of individuals with depressive disorder to those who are normal. The present study utilized a descriptive causal-comparative method. The statistical population consisted of clients with depression disorder who visited Health Centers in Tabriz city. A total of 100 participants were selected to take part in the research. The executive skills questionnaire (Strait et al., 2019), Sluggish Cognitive Tempo questionnaire (Beker et al., 2017), and the depression screening questionnaire (PHQ-9) were used to collect data. The results of the multivariate analysis of variance indicated that individuals with depression exhibited weaker performance in all components of executive functions (planning, time management, emotion regulation, organization, and behavior regulation) compared to the healthy group (p < 0.001). Additionally, the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo component was significantly higher in depressed individuals than in normal individuals (p < 0.001). Therefore, based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that individuals with depression experience serious deficiencies in executive functions and encounter more problems in the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo component than the healthy group.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Major depressive disorder is a widespread psychological disorder that affects public health worldwide (Vancappel et al, 2021). Studies have shown that depression is related to deficits in executive functions (Hawkey, 2017; Wagner et al, 2012), wich means people with major depressive disorder show more deficits in executive functions (LeMoult & Gotlib, 2019). Executive functions are a set of skills that enable individuals to plan and meet goals, self-regulate, and stay focused in face of distractions (Abdolmohammadi et al, 2019). Slow cognitive tempo is a relatively new clinical construct that refers to symptoms such as lethargy, daydreaming, sleepiness, mental confusion, and slow thinking and behavior (Becker, 2021; Bernad et al, 2016). However, research on Slow Cognitive Tempo (SCT) as a separate disorder from Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) has not been well-established for people with depressive disorder. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare levels of executive functions and Slow Cognitive Tempo between two groups: those with depressive disorder and those without.
Literature Review
Researches have reported that individuals with depression who have more deficits in their executive functions tend to experience more resistance in the treatment process (López-Sola et al, 2020), leading to more challenging treatment outcomes. While some studies have showed a link between executive functions and depression, others have produced conflicting results. For example, Nakano et al (2008) and Pardo et al (2006) both found no significant difference between the executive functions of depressed and non-depressed individuals. Despite this ambiguity, research has shown a strong connection between major depressive disorder and slow cognitive rhythm disorder (Bernad et al, 2016), leading to the hypothesis that cognitive tempo disorder may be a distinct clinical construct worth investigating, particularly in the context of depression. However, Burns et al (2013) suggested through their research that cognitive tempo disorder and major depressive disorder are two unrelated disorders that should be treated separately. Overall, while there is evidence supporting the relationship between executive functions and depression, more consistent and robust research is needed to understand the extent of this connection.
Methodology
The present study adopted a descriptive causal-comparative method. A total of 100 participants with depression disorder who were clients of the health centers in Tabriz city were selected. The Executive Skills Questionnaire, Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Questionnaire, and Depression Screening Questionnaire (PHQ-9), were used to collect data.
Results
The results obtained from univariate analysis of variance show two groups with depressive disorder and healthy in terms of sub-components of functions, with depressive disorder and healthy in terms of sub-components of implementation functions (planning, time management, emotion regulation, organization and regulation of behavior) as well as slow cognitive tempo are significantly different from each other. Supplementary investigations show that the healthy group has fewer executive function defects than the group with depressive disorder, and the problem of slow cognitive tempo is more common in the depressed group than in the healthy group.
Conclution
The study suggests that individuals with depressive disorder scored lower than healthy controls all most components of executive functions. Additionally, the results indicated that individuals with depressive disorder experienced a higher level of slow cognitive tempo compared to healthy controls.
Keywords: Depression, Executive Functions, Sluggish Cognitive Tempo.
Acknowledgments
We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all individuals who participated in this study, as well as the health care providers and staff of the health centers of Tabriz who lent us their invaluable aid and support in conducting this research.
gholam reza manshaee; laleh hoseini
Abstract
This study aims to determine the effectiveness of child-centered mindfulness education on social adjustment and depression symptoms in depressed children in Isfahan. The statistical population of this study included all children with depression disorder in Isfahan city during the academic year of 2016-2017 ...
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This study aims to determine the effectiveness of child-centered mindfulness education on social adjustment and depression symptoms in depressed children in Isfahan. The statistical population of this study included all children with depression disorder in Isfahan city during the academic year of 2016-2017 who referred to centers for counseling and psychological services of education system. The research method was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest plan and a control group and a 45-day follow-up. The number of samples in the study were 30 children with depression disorder who were selected by available non-random sampling method, and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received therapeutic interventions related to mindfulness over a period of two and a half months and as a weekly 60-minute session. However, the control group did not receive any intervention during the study. Then, the individuals of both groups were subjected to post-test. The instruments used included the Social Adjustment Questionnaire and Children's Depression Questionnaire The results of the data analysis indicated that child-centered mindfulness education have had an effect on social adjustment, happiness, anxiety and depression symptoms in depressed children aged 8 to 13 years old, at an error level of 0.05. In this way that child-centered mindfulness education has led to improved social adjustment and reduced depression symptoms of depressed children aged 8 to 13 years.
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of optimism training model by role-playing on reducing the rate of depression among low-vision girls in city of Tehran. This study was a quasi-experimental design with pretest- posttest with control group. For this mean, the available sampling ...
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The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of optimism training model by role-playing on reducing the rate of depression among low-vision girls in city of Tehran. This study was a quasi-experimental design with pretest- posttest with control group. For this mean, the available sampling method was used. 20 low-vision teenager girls with depression in “Narjes Blind School”, in the 2011 to 2012 academic year, was selected and randomly assigned in experimental and control groups. Experimental group during ten sessions were trained by group role-play, but the control group did not receive any training in this area. The research data collected by ‘adolescence and children depression test’ (CADS) and analyzed using ANCOVA test was used. The obtained results indicated that the training of optimism by role-playing have a significant impact in reducing of low-vision teenager depression (p<0/0001). So, this can be concluded that the optimism training method by role-playing was nearly stable effective in reduce depression rate of low-vision teenager girls.
Marzieh Kamyab nejad; Maryam Seif naraghi; Arkan KHush kalam
Volume 1, Issue 4 , February 2016, , Pages 1-22
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the rates of depression and aggression among healthy siblings of 6-12 years old children with autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Method: The study is a survey. The statistical population consists of all healthy siblings of 6-12 years ...
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Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the rates of depression and aggression among healthy siblings of 6-12 years old children with autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Method: The study is a survey. The statistical population consists of all healthy siblings of 6-12 years of age of the children with autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Tehran city. Seven siblings were chosen from each group, so the total sample size was 14. The research tool was the ASEBA test. Data were collected through the Child Behavior Checklist. T (p= 0/05) test was used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that the rate of depression and aggression in siblings of autistic children is more than the siblings of the children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Conclusion and recommendations: Given the fact that the amount of aggression and depression were higher among siblings of autistic children in comparison to the other group, training and consulting services should be available to the parents of autistic children in order to reduce or prevent aggression and depression among their not effected children.
akram hodapoor; parviz sharifidaramadi; farangis kazemi
Abstract
The purpose of present study was to investigate the effectiveness attribution style’s change on depression rate decrease, of adolescent blind girls. This study was carried out on experimental basis in pre-test, post-test design with control group. For this purpose, using the available sampling ...
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The purpose of present study was to investigate the effectiveness attribution style’s change on depression rate decrease, of adolescent blind girls. This study was carried out on experimental basis in pre-test, post-test design with control group. For this purpose, using the available sampling method, 30 of the depressed blind girls were selected and randomly substituted into two test and control groups, they were studying in secondary and high school stages of Tehran ‘Narjes blind school’ in the academic year of 2011-2012 and were placed in negative state/situations of internal, stable and general attribution style. Subjects of the experimental group were placed under attribution style change program’s educational course in ten, 45 minutes sessions in group form; however the control group did not receive any kind of education in this regard. The research data collected by ‘adolescence and children depression test’ as well as by the questionnaire of ‘adolescent and children attribution style’ and analyzed using the Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test and the Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) test. The obtained results indicated that, the attribution style change of internal, stable and general to external, unstable and specific have significant effect on reducing of depression rate (p < 0/0001). This can be concluded, thus, that the attribution style change was effective in depression rate decrease of blinds girl’s adolescents.
Maliheh Shahrestani; Abolfazl Karami; Mohsen Doostkam; Amir Hossein Alimohammadi
Volume 3, Issue 9 , April 2013, , Pages 93-110
Abstract
The Effectiveness of Hope Therapy on Improving Depression and Quality of Life among Mothers of Intellectual Disability Children
This study aims at investigating the effectiveness of hope therapy on improvement of depression and quality of life among mothers of intellectual disability children. ...
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The Effectiveness of Hope Therapy on Improving Depression and Quality of Life among Mothers of Intellectual Disability Children
This study aims at investigating the effectiveness of hope therapy on improvement of depression and quality of life among mothers of intellectual disability children. The research procedure is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. Research population consists of mothers of intellectual disability whose children have been students of 28 exceptional schools in the academic year of 2011-2012 in Mashhad. 30mothers of intellectually disable children are selected by using multistage cluster sampling and are and randomly assigned in two experimental (15 persons) and control groups (15 persons). The experimental group receives hope therapy training for 6 sessions. The data are gathered by using Beck Depression Inventory-Õ and the brief form of quality of life questionnaires. Questionnaires are completed by both experimental and control groups in three stages before, after and 4 weeks after the intervention (follow-up phase). The results are analyzed with Moncova using SPSS 18 software. The Moncova analysis results show that there is significant difference between average scores of experimental and control groups in both post-test and follow-up stages )P<0/001). As a conclusion, hope therapy training is quite effective in improving depression and quality of life in mothers of intellectually children.
Nastaran Seyed Esmaili Qomi; Ali Sheykholeslami
Volume 3, Issue 10 , March 2013, , Pages 113-128
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to comparesigns of anxiety and depression in draw a person test in mentally retarded andnormal students. In this descriptive research, the statistical population consistsof all 11 year-old educable mentally retarded and normal students of Shahriyarcity in the academic ...
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The purpose of this study is to comparesigns of anxiety and depression in draw a person test in mentally retarded andnormal students. In this descriptive research, the statistical population consistsof all 11 year-old educable mentally retarded and normal students of Shahriyarcity in the academic year of 2011-2012. 33 educable mentally retarded students areselected through convenient sampling and 33 normal students were selectedusing cluster random sampling. Draw a person test (DAP) is used to collectinformation. The data re analyzed using Mann-Whitney test.The results show that there is significantdifference in the rate of anxiety and depression between educable mentallyretarded and normal students reflected in their drawings. This means thateducable mentally retarded students had shown greater measures of anxiety anddepression in their drawings
Parviz Sharifi Daramadi; Leila Qassemi Davari
Volume 2, Issue 7 , October 2012, , Pages 115-132
Abstract
This research is aimed at assessing and comparing the degree of emotional intelligence, self- esteem, and depression in crime victim and non-victim girls aged between 15 and 18. The sample includes 31 crime victims living in the Welfare and Rehabilitation Organization of Tehran and 31 non-victim ...
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This research is aimed at assessing and comparing the degree of emotional intelligence, self- esteem, and depression in crime victim and non-victim girls aged between 15 and 18. The sample includes 31 crime victims living in the Welfare and Rehabilitation Organization of Tehran and 31 non-victim girls who have interaction with them as visitors. They are selected via convenience sampling and homogenized in terms of age and education. The data are gathered by applying Cooper's Emotional Intelligence, Beck's Depression Inventory, Cooper Smith Self- Esteem Questionnaire. The results indicated that girls who are crime victims have high depression, low self-esteem and emotional intelligence scores, though the scores are not pathologically low. Based on the findings of this research, parents are recommended to learn about emotional intelligence abilities and apply them on their daughters who are likely to be victims of social harms.