Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 M.A in Personality Psychology, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University of Sabzevar, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of positive thinking traning on self-compassion and life expectancy in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder of Sabzevar, Iran. This study was semi -experimental and pretest-posttest with control group was used. The statistical population of the study consisted of all mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder of Sabzevar in the academic year 2017-18 that were selected according to eligibility criteria and were assigned to experimental (n = 18) and control (n = 18) groups through simple random sampling. After conducting the pre-test using the self-compassion scale and life expectancy scale, the experimental group received positive thinking traning during 10 sessions of 75 minutes, while the control group received no intervention. After the end of the program, the two groups were given a post-test. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics methods (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (analysis of covariance) with the help of version 23 of SPSS. The results showed that positive thinking traning have a significant effect on the self-Compassion and life expectancy with components of the mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder of Sabzevar. Accordingly, positive thinking training is an effective intervention program for helping mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder.
Keywords
ابوالقاسمی، ع؛ تقیپـور، م؛ و نریمانی، م. (1391). ارتباط تیپ شخصیتی، D خودشفقت‌ورزی و حمایت اجتماعی با رفتارهای بهداشتی در بیماران کرونر قلبی، روانشناسی سلامت، 1(1)، 5-20.
ارجمندنیا، ع؛ وطنی، ص؛ و حسن زاده، س. (1396). تاثیر آموزش مهارت مثبت نگری بر شادکامی و باورهای غیر منطقی دانش آموزان نابینا. پژوهشنامه‌روانشناسی‌مثبت، 2(3)، 21-34.
اورکی، م؛ بیات، ش؛ نجفی، م؛ و نورمحمدی، ا. (1397). رابطه باورهای فراشناخت، امید به زندگی و کیفیت زندگی با افسردگی بیمارستانی در بیماران کلیوی تحت همودیالیز شهر کرج. مجله علوم پزشکی صدرا، 6(2)، 87-100.
صفآرا،م؛ و بخشی زاده، م. (1396). اثربخشی آموزش بخشودگی بر بهزیستی روانشناختی و شادکامیمادران دانش آموزان دارای اختلال خاص یادگیری شهر طبس. فصلنامه روانشناسی افراد استثنایی، 7(28)، 187-208.
صیادی سرینی، م؛ حجتخواه، س؛ و رشیدی، ع. (1395). اثربخشی آموزش مهارتهای مثبتاندیشی بر بهزیستی روانشناختی و احساس تنهایی زنان سالمند. مجله روانشناسی پیری، 2(1)، 61-71.
ناعمی، ع. (1397). تاثیر آموزش مثبتاندیشی بر ناگویی هیجانی و خودبخشایشگری مادران کودکان با ناتوانی یادگیری. فصلنامه روانشناسی افراد استثنایی، 8(29)، 111-145.
Albertson, E., Neff, K., & Dill-Shackle ford, K. (2015). Self-Compassion and Body Dissatisfaction in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Brief Meditation Intervention. Mindfulness, 6(3), 444-454.
American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–5 (DSM-5). Washington: American Psychiatric Association.
Ascioglu, O., Asli, Yalcin, I. (2017). Forgiveness of Others and Self-Forgiveness: The Predictive Role of Cognitive Distortions, Empathy, and Rumination. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 68, 97-120.
Banson W. (2006). The role of hope and study skills in predicting test anxiety level of university students high school and psychological health, self-esteem, positive thinking and social communication. Master of Science degree thesis. Department of educational sciences. Middle East Technical Universit.
Bae, J., Kim, y., & Lee, J. (2017). Factors Associated With Subjective Life Expectancy: Comparison With Actuarial Life Expectancy. Journal of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, 50, 240-250
Bailey, T. C., Eng, W., Frisch, M. B., & Snyder†, C. R. (2007). Hope and optimism as related to life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 168-175.
Baio, J. (2014). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years – Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2010 Surveillance Summaries, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(2), 1–21.
Baños RM, Etchemendy E, Mira A, Riva G, Gaggioli A and Botella, C. (2017). Online Positive Interventions to Promote Well-being and Resilience in the Adolescent Population: A Narrative Review, Front. Psychiatry, 8(10), 1-9.
Bauminger, N., Solomon, M., & Rogers, S. J. (2010). Externalizing and internalizing behaviors in ASD. Autism Research, 3, 101–112.
Baxter, A., T. Brugha, H. E. Erskine, R. W. Scheurer, T. Vos, and J. G. Scott. 2015. The epidemiology and global burden of autism spectrum disorders. Psychological Medicine, 45, 601–613.
Bergland, A., Nicolaisen, M., & Thorsen, K. (2014). Predictors of subjective age in people aged 40–79 years: a fve-year follow-up study. The impact of mastery, mental and physical health. Aging Ment Health, 18(5), 653–661.
Bodner E, Bergman YS. (2016). Loneliness and depressive symptoms among older adults: the moderating role of subjective life expectancy. Psychiatry Research, 237, 78-82.
Breton, J.J., Labelle, R., Berthiaume, C., Royer, C., St-Georges, M., Ricard, D., & Guile ́, JM. (2015). Protective factors against depression and suicidal behaviour in adoles-cence, The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 60, S5–S15.
Cachia, R., Anderson, A., & Moore, D. (2016). Mindfulness, Stress and Well-Being in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 1-14.
Chung, M-S. (2016). Relation between Lack of Forgiveness and Depression: The Moderating Effect of Self-Compassion. Psychological Reports, 119(3), 573–585.
Damreihani, N., Behzadipour, S., Haghpanh, S., & Bordbar, M. (2018). The effectiveness of positive psychology intervention on the wellbeing, meaning, and life satisfaction of mothers of children with cancer: A brief report. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 1-9.
Fernández-Alcántara, M., Garcia-Caro, M. P., Laynez-Rubio, C., Perez-Marfil, M. N., Marti-Garcia, C., Benitez-Feliponi, A … Cruz-Quintana, F. (2015). Feelings of loss in parents of children with infantile cerebral palsy, Disability and Health Journal, 8, 93–101.
Findlay, L. C., Girardi, A., & Coplan, R. J. (2006). Links between empathy, social behavior, and social understanding in early childhood, Early ChildhoodResearch Quarterly, 21 (3), 347-359.
Fontenelle, L. F., Soares, I. D., Miele, F., Borges, M. C., Prazeres, A. M., Range, B. P., & Moll, J. (2009). Empathy and symptoms dimensions of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 43 (4), 455-463.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226.
Gale, C., Gilbert, P., Read, N., & Goss, K. (2012). An evaluation of the impact of introducing compassion focused therapy to a standard treatment programme for people with eating disorders. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 21(1), 1-12.
Gobrial, E. (2018). The Lived Experiences of Mothers of Children with the Autism Spectrum Disorders in Egypt. Social. Sciences, 7(133), 1-11.
Gohel M, Mukherjee S, Choudhary SK. (2011). Psychosocial impact on the parents of mentally retarded children in Anand District. Healthline, 2(2), 62-71.
Goyal. P, & Taneja. S. (2018). Impact of Relationship Status on Self-Compassion and Meaning in Life among Females. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 6(4), 75-83.
Griffin B, Loh V, Hesketh B (2013). A mental model of factors associated with subjective life expectancy. Social Science & Medicine, 82(1):79–86.
Griffin B, Hesketh B, Loh V. (2012). The influence of subjective life expectancy on retirement transition and planning: a longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(2), 129-137.
Güloglu, B., Karairmak, Ö., & Emiral, E. (2016). Çocukluk çagi travmalarinin tinsellik ve affetme üzerindeki rolü [The role of spirituality and forgiveness in childhood trauma]. Journal of Psychiatry, 17(4), 309–316.
Hamermesh DS (1985) Expectations, life expectancy and economic
behavior. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 100, 389–408.
behavior. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 100, 389–408.
Hanson, K. (2018). Positive psychology for overcoming symptoms of depression: A pilot study exploring the efficacy of a positive psychology self-help book versus a CBT self-help book. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1-19.
Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: a meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism pectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 629– 642.
Hendriks, T., Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., Hassankhan, A, Graafsma, T., Bohlmeijer, E., & de Jong, J, (2018). The efficacy of positive psychology interventions from non-Western countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Wellbeing, 8(1), 71-98.
Ilias, K., Jeanette, L., Kim, C., Miriam, S., & Karen, G. (2017). Wellbeing of mothers of children with “A-U-T-I-S-M” in Malaysia: An interpretative phenomenological analysis study. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 42, 74–89.
Ingersoll-Dayton, B., & Krause, N. (2005). Self-forgiveness: A component of mental health in later life. Research on Aging, 27 (3), 267–289.
Kalaivnai, P., & Kalimo, KM. (2018). A Study on Psychological Problems Faced by the Parents of Autism Children. Arts and Social sciences Journal, 9(4), 1-5.
Kotter-Grühn, D., Grühn, D., & Smith, J. (2010). Predicting one’s own death: the relationship between subjective and objective nearness to death in very old age. European Journal of Ageing, 7(4):293–300
Levy BR, Slade MD, Kunkel SR, Kasl SV (2002) Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(2):261–270.
Leung, C., Chan, S., Lam, T., Yau, S., & Tsang, S. (2016). The effect of parent education program for preschool children with developmental disabilities: A randomized controlled trial. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 56, 18-28.
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2007a). Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 33: 321-349.
Lyubomirsky, S. & Layous, K. (2013). How do simple positive activites increase well – being? Current Directions in psychological Science, 22(1), 57-62.
Mirowsky J (1999) Subjective life expectancy in the US: correspondence to actuarial estimates by age, sex and race. Soc Sci Med, 49(7):967–979
Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250.
Neff, K. D., & Faso, D. j. (2015). Self-compassion and wellbeing in parents of children with autism. Department of Educational Psychology University a Texas at Austin, 948-947.
Neff, K. D, Kirkpatrick, K. L. & Rude S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, (41), 139–154.
Neff, K. D., & Faso, D. J. (2014). Self-Compassion and Well-Being in Parents of Children with Autism. Mindfulness, 1-10.
Ouweneel, E., Le Blanc, P. M., Schaufeli, W. B., & van Wijhe, C. I. (2012). Good morning, good day: A diary study on positive emotions, hope, and work engagement. Human Relations, 65(9), 1129-1154.
Robledo-Ramón, P., & García-Sánchez, J. N. (2013). The involvement and satisfaction with education of the families of students with and without specific learning disabilities. Revista de Psicodidáctica [Journal of Psychodidactics], 18, 137–155.
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2014). Positive Psychotherapy. In D. Wedding & R. J. Corsini (Eds.), Current Psychotherapies (10th ed., pp. 461–498). Brooks / Cole CENGAGE Learning.
Reichard, R. J., Avey, J. B., Lopez, S., & Dollwet, M. (2013). Having the will and finding the way: A review and meta-analysis of hope at work. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(4), 292-304.
Salm, M. (2006). Can subjective mortality expectations and stated preference explain varying consumption and saving behaviors among the elderly? IZA Discussion Papers. IZA Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn.
Samadi, S. A., & McConkey, R. (2014).The impact on Iranian mothers and fathers who havechildren with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 58 (3), 243-254.
Sang-Ho, L. (2011). Hong Kong's happiness indices: what they tell us about life? Journal of Socio-Economics, 40(5), 564-572.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2010). Flourish: Positive psychology and positive interventions (Tanner lectures on human values, delivered at the University of Michigan). Retrieved from http:// tannerlectures.utah.edu/_documents/a-to-z/s/Seligman_10.pdf
Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive Psychology: Anintroduction (pp. 279-298). Netherlands: Springer.
Seligman, M. E. D., Steen, T. A., park, N. & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress. Journal of American psychologist, 5, 410-421.
Sin NL, Lyubomirsky S. (2009). Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: a practice-friendly meta-analysis. Journal of Cinical Psychology, 65(5), 467–487.
Snyder, CR., Harris, C., Anderson, JR., Holleran, SA,. Irving, LM., Sigmon, ST., et al. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570-585.
Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., & Sigmon, D. R. (2002). Hope theory: A member of the positive psychology family. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 257–276). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Snyder, C. R.; Irving, L. & Anderson, J. R.(1991b). “Hope and Health: Measuring the Willand Ways”, In: C. R. Snyder & D. R. Forsyth (Eds.), Handbook of Social and ClinicalPsychology: The Health Perspective (pp. 285-305). New York: Pergamon Press.
Toussaint, L., Barry, M., Angus, D., Bornfriend, l., & Markman , M. (2017). Self-forgiveness is associated with reduced psychological distress in cancer patients and unmatched caregivers: Hope and self-blame as mediating mechanisms, Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 1-17.
Tylka, T. L., Russell, H.L. & Neal, A.A. (2015). Self-compassion as a moderator of thinness-related pressures' associations with thin-ideal internalization and disordered eating. Eating Behaviors, 17, 23–26.
Van Solinge H, Henkens K (2010) Living longer, working longer? The impact of subjective life expectancy on retirement intentions and behaviour. European Journal of Public Health, 20(1), 47–51.
Van Solinge, H, & Henkens, K. (2018). Subjective life expectancy and actual mortality: results of a 10‑year panel study among older workers. European Journal of Ageing, 15,155–164.
Van Steijn, D. J., Oerlemans, A. M., Van Aken, M. A., Buitelaar, J. K., & Rommelse, N. N. (2014). The reciprocal relationship of ASD, ADHD, depressive symptoms and stress in parents of children with ASD and/or ADHD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 1064–1076.
Wellenzohn, S., Proyer, RT., & Ruch, W. (2016). How do positive psychology interventions work? A short-term placebo-controlled humor-based study on the role of the time focus. Personality and Individual Differences, 96, 1-6.
Wren A, Somers J, Melissa A. W, Goetz, M. C., Leary, M. R., Fras, A. M., Huh, B. K., Roger, Lesco, L. S., Keefe, F. J. (2012). Self-Compassion in Patients with Persistent Musculoskeletal Pain: Relationship of Self-Compassion to Adjustment to Persistent. Journal of Pain Symptom Management, 43(4), 759-770.
Zand DH, Bultas MW, McMillin SE, Halloran D, White T, McNamara D, et al. A Pilot of a BriefPositive Parenting Program on Children Newly Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. FamProcess.
Zick. CD., Smith, KR., Mayer, RN. & Taylor, LB. (2014). Family, frailty, and fatal futures? Own-health and family-health predictors of subjective life expectancy. Res Aging, 36(2), 244–266.
Ziegelmann JP, Lippke S, Schwarzer R (2006) Subjective residual life expectancy in health self-regulation. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 61B (4), 195–201.
)