Hassan Reza’i Jamalooyi; Abbas Abolqassemi; Mohammad Narimani; Adel Zahed
Volume 2, Issue 8 , February 2012, , Pages 77-98
Abstract
The purpose of the present research is to compare peer acceptance in students with learning disability and students with low, moderate and high academic achievement.Statistical population of this applied and causal-comparativeresearchincludes the second-grade middle school students in Ardabil City. The ...
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The purpose of the present research is to compare peer acceptance in students with learning disability and students with low, moderate and high academic achievement.Statistical population of this applied and causal-comparativeresearchincludes the second-grade middle school students in Ardabil City. The research sample consists of 160 students (40 with learning disability, 40 with low, 40 with moderate, and 40 others with high academic achievement) selected through multistage cluster random sampling. In order to collect data, reading, writing and math tests, peer acceptance scale and Moreno’S sociomotric test were used. The MANOVA results show that there is a significant difference between students with learning disability and students with low, moderate and high academic achievement in peer acceptance. The results indicate that students with learning disability and the ones with low academic achievement have bigger problems in peer acceptance.The findings of this study have important implications about education and counseling servicesfor exceptional students. Therefore, it is suggested that by teaching social communicative skills to students with learning disabilities, they should be helped to increase their popularity among their classmates to overcome their academic problems.
akram hodapoor; parviz sharifidaramadi; farangis kazemi
Abstract
The purpose of present study was to investigate the effectiveness attribution style’s change on depression rate decrease, of adolescent blind girls. This study was carried out on experimental basis in pre-test, post-test design with control group. For this purpose, using the available sampling ...
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The purpose of present study was to investigate the effectiveness attribution style’s change on depression rate decrease, of adolescent blind girls. This study was carried out on experimental basis in pre-test, post-test design with control group. For this purpose, using the available sampling method, 30 of the depressed blind girls were selected and randomly substituted into two test and control groups, they were studying in secondary and high school stages of Tehran ‘Narjes blind school’ in the academic year of 2011-2012 and were placed in negative state/situations of internal, stable and general attribution style. Subjects of the experimental group were placed under attribution style change program’s educational course in ten, 45 minutes sessions in group form; however the control group did not receive any kind of education in this regard. The research data collected by ‘adolescence and children depression test’ as well as by the questionnaire of ‘adolescent and children attribution style’ and analyzed using the Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test and the Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) test. The obtained results indicated that, the attribution style change of internal, stable and general to external, unstable and specific have significant effect on reducing of depression rate (p < 0/0001). This can be concluded, thus, that the attribution style change was effective in depression rate decrease of blinds girl’s adolescents.
Zahra Feizabadi; Alimohammad Naemi
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of fine motor skills training on the the Selective attention and visual perception of Sabzevar primary school students with math disabilities in 2017. Semiexperimental pretest - posttest with control group was used for this study. 34 students ...
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of fine motor skills training on the the Selective attention and visual perception of Sabzevar primary school students with math disabilities in 2017. Semiexperimental pretest - posttest with control group was used for this study. 34 students with math disabilities of primary school were randomly selected and replaced in two groups (experimental group, 17 people and control group, 17 people). After conducting the pre-test, Stroop Color - Word test (1935) and Frostig Developmental test of Visual Perception (1963) were done. The experimental group received fine motor skills training during Fifteen 40 minutes sessions (Two sessions per week), and then the post-test was conducted. Data obtained were compared using covariance analysis. The results showed that fine motor skills training increases the selective attention and visual perception. Accordingly, fine motor skills training is an effective intervention program for helping primary school students with math disabilities.
mozhgan shoushtari; mokhtar malekpour
Abstract
Abstract The current research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Renzulli’s Enrichment Triad Program on Creativity of sharp-witted primary school level students. . research method was Experimental with pretest - posttest and control group. The statistical universe of the current research ...
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Abstract The current research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Renzulli’s Enrichment Triad Program on Creativity of sharp-witted primary school level students. . research method was Experimental with pretest - posttest and control group. The statistical universe of the current research consisted of all sharp-witted students of the city of Karaj in the educational year of 2015-2016. For this purpose, the number of 76 sharp-witted students was selected through multi stage cluster random sampling method and was randomly placed in two experimental and control groups (38 people in the experimental group and another 38 in the control group) and their mothers, too responded to the questions of Abedi’s Creativity. The experimental group , During the twelve two-hour sessions The Renzulli’s Enrichment Triad Program was administered on the experimental group but The control group not received training in this issue . The research Data were collected by Abedi’s Creativity Test and with analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) were analyzed .The findings showed that Renzulli’s Enrichment Triad Program has been effective in increasing female creativity. In general it can be concluded that Renzulli’s Enrichment Triad Program Can affect on children's creativity.
Mehdi Abdollahzadeh Rafi
Volume 3, Issue 12 , December 2014, , Pages 83-106
Abstract
The present study intended to determine the extent to which religion is significant as a mediator between emotional abuse and emotional disorders in adolescents, and it followed a correlational research design. The population included all middle school students in Jajarm (city in east of Iran) in the ...
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The present study intended to determine the extent to which religion is significant as a mediator between emotional abuse and emotional disorders in adolescents, and it followed a correlational research design. The population included all middle school students in Jajarm (city in east of Iran) in the 2012-2013 academic year, all of which (604 individuals) were included in the study sample. The study instruments included Achenbach’s Youth Self-Report questionnaire, and two questionnaire assessing level of religiosity and emotional abuse. The data was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equations. The results indicated that there was a positive correlation between emotional abuse emotional (p < 0.05) and also anxiety disorders (p < 0.05). Furthermore, religion played a mediator role between emotional abuse and emotional disorder and it reduced negative effects of emotional abuse.
saeed mosapour; fateme amiri
Volume 4, Issue 14 , January 2014, , Pages 83-103
Alireza Moghadas
Volume 1, Issue 1 , April 2011, , Pages 83-98
Abstract
This case report is Significantly important, Due to the fact, that so far no documeted report has shown the presence of three female members of the same family having mental retardation. History and Mental status examination and physical examination was taken and the diagnosis was undertaken according ...
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This case report is Significantly important, Due to the fact, that so far no documeted report has shown the presence of three female members of the same family having mental retardation. History and Mental status examination and physical examination was taken and the diagnosis was undertaken according to DSM IV-TR.
Incidence of Mental Retardation is estimated about 1-3% in normal Population at any time (schaefer 2010). This disorder is 1.5 times more common in men than women (Sadock, 2007). Mental Retardations occure secondary to genetics, developmental, acquired or combination of these causes (Sadock, 2007). But what is rare and unusual is the fact that three Sisters are affected by mental Retardation in one and the same Family.
There are some reports of new presentation and Etiology of Mental Retardation in medical literature (phadke, 2010). In this paper we will discuss and study different biological, social and cultural aspects of Mental Retardation and Present some mechanisms for primary prevention as well.
Zahra Dorodian
Volume 1, Issue 2 , July 2011, , Pages 85-102
Abstract
Objective: This study assesses the effects of role-playing technique on social adjustment and academic achievement of dyscalculia students of Tehran province. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study. Statistical population has been all the primary school students with dyscalculia in Tehran. The sample ...
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Objective: This study assesses the effects of role-playing technique on social adjustment and academic achievement of dyscalculia students of Tehran province. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study. Statistical population has been all the primary school students with dyscalculia in Tehran. The sample of 15 students with dyscalculia was taken from two learning disability centers in Tehran via accessible sampling. The study design was a pre-test, post-test one and assessment tool was a questionnaire measuring the social adjustment of the students. As this study did not include a control group, it also evaluated the academic records of students for achievement. The test results were analyzed for significant testing. Results: The results showed that with 99 percent confidence, the role-playing technique has been effective on social adjustment and academic achievement of the students with dyscalculia. Conclusion and recommendations: With regard to the effect of the role playing technique on social adjustment and academic achievement, it is recommended that the special centers for learning disabilities should offer social adjustment training in addition to their special academic training for students with dyscalculia.
Volume 1, Issue 3 , October 2011, , Pages 85-108
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of ABA treatment on the performance of Hamadan autistic children. Method: An applied research with an experimental design has been used. All the autistic children of Farshchian therapy center of Hamadan were treated. To collect data a questionnaire ...
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Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of ABA treatment on the performance of Hamadan autistic children. Method: An applied research with an experimental design has been used. All the autistic children of Farshchian therapy center of Hamadan were treated. To collect data a questionnaire containing questions covering data for the general profile of respondents and also psychological data (general knowledge, attention, imitation and self-help), was applied both as pre-and post-test. The data was analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance and repeated measures. Dependent variables were analyzed using an alpha level of Ben Frony (0125 / 0) Results: showed significant differences between groups in terms of the variables (general knowledge, attention, imitation and self-help).Test results of repeated measurements for experimental and control groups in comparison to pre-test scores, was significant.
zohre darvishi; shahriar shahidi; mahmood heidari; shahla pakdaman
Abstract
This research was conducted to investigate theeffectiveness of visual arts training using "ArtsEducation, Advocator ofInnovator Child". The researcher made an educational package forcreativity in elementary school children.80 students(40 girls and 40 boys) wereselected among the fourth grade students ...
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This research was conducted to investigate theeffectiveness of visual arts training using "ArtsEducation, Advocator ofInnovator Child". The researcher made an educational package forcreativity in elementary school children.80 students(40 girls and 40 boys) wereselected among the fourth grade students in the cityof Tehran, district3,through multistage cluster sampling and they were randomly assigned into twoexperimental and control groups. The instruments of the research included TorranceTestofCreative Thinkingimageand the researcher made educational package. Theexperimental groupreceived 15 one-hour sessions of educational interventionandthe follow up was done after 6 weeks.The obtained data were analyzedthroughcovariance analysis. The findingsshowed that educational intervention hadasignificant influence on the totalcreativity score(p=0.00,p=0.005)as well as on two components of creativity,originality(p=0.005,p=0.008)andelaboration(p=0.00,p=0.001). There were no significant differences influency scores and flexibility scores between experimental and control groups.It can be concluded that the "Arts Education, Advocator of InnovatorChild"educational package, can be used as an appropriate educational toolfor developing creativity in elementary school children.
easa jafari; ali Esmaeili; akbar Atadokht
Abstract
: Studying factors associated with coping resources of mothersof exceptional children who are exposed to stress is very important. This studyexamined the role of religiosity and social support and coping styles inmothers of exceptional children. Methods: This was adescriptive-correlational study and ...
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: Studying factors associated with coping resources of mothersof exceptional children who are exposed to stress is very important. This studyexamined the role of religiosity and social support and coping styles inmothers of exceptional children. Methods: This was adescriptive-correlational study and its population were all mothers andchildren from the city of Astara. Data were collected from 67 patients who wereselected by convenience sampling. To collect data, the Religiousness, Coping Strategiesand Social Support questionnaires were used. The collected data were analyzed throughPearson correlation and multiple regression. Results: The results showedthat there was a relationship between religiosity and coping with stress. Also,the relationship between social support and coping strategies was significant. Bothvariables could predict coping styles of mothers who had exceptional childrenas well. Conclusion:Coping with stress styles of mothers of exceptionalchildren can be predicted by social support and religiosity variables. So, toreduce stress and to improve coping strategies in this population, it isrecommended that the role of religiosity and social support be considered.
mehdi zareiee hoseini abadi; morteza omidian
Abstract
This study examined the effect of communicational skills training on social anxiety in boys adolescents with intellectual disability in Yazd. The current investigation was experimental method and design of this study was pretest-posttest with control group type and the population included boys with intellectual ...
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This study examined the effect of communicational skills training on social anxiety in boys adolescents with intellectual disability in Yazd. The current investigation was experimental method and design of this study was pretest-posttest with control group type and the population included boys with intellectual disability 11-20 years intellectual disability special schools in Yazd in the academic year 2014-2015. The sample of this study included 40 students that randomly selected and divided into experiment and control groups (20 persons in each group). The instruments used in this study was La Greca Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A). The communicational skills training program including 12 sessions of 50 minutes was carried to the experimental group. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as covariance analysis was used for data analysis. The Results of this study showed that there is a significant difference between experiment and control groups among social anxiety and all its dimension (p<0/01). The obtained results of data analysis demonstrated that communicational skills training decreased social anxiety (58%) and its components [fear of negative evaluation; social avoidance and distress in new situations; and social avoidance and distress-general (59/30%)] in adolescents of experimental group in compare with control group. Therefore, the research suggests to emphasis on communicational skills training for student with intellectual disability.
mahdi ghodrati; parviz sharifidaramadi; eshagh rahimian bogar
Volume 4, Issue 15 , January 2014, , Pages 91-113
Hafez Padervand; Parviz Sharifi daramadi; Akbar Rezaiefard; Hossein Afifi
Volume 1, Issue 4 , February 2016, , Pages 91-108
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the study is to investigate and compare multiple talents of the sighted and blind male students in Tehran’s guidance schools.
Method: This study is a survey. The statistical population of this study includes all the sighted students and blind students of Tehran’s ...
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Objective: The aim of the study is to investigate and compare multiple talents of the sighted and blind male students in Tehran’s guidance schools.
Method: This study is a survey. The statistical population of this study includes all the sighted students and blind students of Tehran’s Guidance schools. Stratified sampling for the sighted and available sampling for the blind has been used in this study (60 blind and 60 sighted students) .Gardner multiple talents questionnaire has been applied. The obtained data was analyzed and compared using the independent t-test between two groups.
Results: The results show that no statistically significant differences exist between the two groups regarding their talents (p>%5).
Conclusion and recommendations: The blind, though lacking visual ability, are able to compensate for the deficit through other senses. It is highly recommended that the blind’s capabilities be identified and taken into account in education.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the lexical features including lexical richness, the total number of words, and the percentage of kinds of content words in the speech of adults with mental retardation and so to determine the percentage and to compare them with the speech of normal people. In ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the lexical features including lexical richness, the total number of words, and the percentage of kinds of content words in the speech of adults with mental retardation and so to determine the percentage and to compare them with the speech of normal people. In this analytical descriptive study, investigated population was 10 mentally retarded adult with IQ 40-52 who in top educable group that their mental ages were determined through Goodenough test and were matched with 10 normal children in terms of mental age. Lexical features of descriptive and spontaneous speech was evaluated. Between the two groups, the total number of words, the number of closed and content words and their percentage were significant and lexical richness in spontaneous speech in normal group were significantly higher than those in mentally retarded group (P 02/0=). In addition, the mentally retarded individuals use the number of fewer words, very little lexical diversity also they use more verbs, and then nouns and Fewer closed words to information transmission.
Asadullah Sadeqkhani; Mahnaz Aliakbari Dehkordi; Ali Asghar Kaku Jouybari
Volume 2, Issue 6 , June 2012, , Pages 95-114
Abstract
Objective: The present research aims at investigating into the effect of parenting styles of mothers on the development of oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in elementary school male students. Methods: The present study is an applied research carried out by field research methodology. The statistical ...
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Objective: The present research aims at investigating into the effect of parenting styles of mothers on the development of oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in elementary school male students. Methods: The present study is an applied research carried out by field research methodology. The statistical population consists of all mothers of male students of elementary schools in Ilam city. 60 mothers of children with oppositional defiant disorder and mothers of normal children were selected as the sample for this research. Then, the data were homogenized based on age, education and economic status. The child behavior checklist (parents’ CBCL report form and TRF) was used as a selector tool, and questionnaire of the parenting styles presented by Diana Baumrind was applied in order to investigate the parenting styles of the chosen mothers. Results: The results of this research show that there is a significant difference between parenting styles of the mothers of the studied groups in terms of authoritative, authoritarian and permissive parenting patterns in the level of (p< 0.05). Mothers of children with oppositional defiant disorders mostly apply authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and rarely use the authoritative one. Conclusion: The parenting style plays an important role in mental health of children. Sound and healthy relationships help parents to recognize and try to meet the needs of children. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the effects and consequences of parenting styles. It is thus suggested that parents should be educated about the effects of each parenting style.
Zahra Razavi alavi; omid shokri; Hossein Pourshahriar
Abstract
The present study examined the mediationg role of positive and negative achievement emotions on the relationship between perfectionism and academic well-being among boy and girl gifted adolescents. In this correlational study, 326 gifted students (161 boy and 165 girl) responded to the Multidimensional ...
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The present study examined the mediationg role of positive and negative achievement emotions on the relationship between perfectionism and academic well-being among boy and girl gifted adolescents. In this correlational study, 326 gifted students (161 boy and 165 girl) responded to the Multidimensional Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory (MPCI, Kobori, 2006), the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire- Revised (AEQ-R, Abdollahpour, 1394), the Schoolwork Engagement Inventory (SEI, Salmela-Aro & Upadaya, 2012) and the School Burnout Inventory (SBI, Salmela-Aro, Kiuru, Leskinen & Nurmi, 2009). Results indicated that for total sampel and for boy and girl gifted adolescents, the partially mediated model of positive and negative achievement emotions on the relationship between perfectionism and academic well-being had good fit to data. The results of the group specificity of structural relations showed that the relationship between perfectionism, achievement emotions, academic well-being were equivalent for both groups. All of the regression weights in the global model and for each of the two groups (boy and girl gifted adolescents) were statistically significant. These results consistent with contemporary models of giftedness show that noncognitive concepts such as social/emotional abilities have critical role in prediction of academic functioning of girl and boy gifted high school students.
Qorban Hemati Alamdarloo; Abbass Ali Hosseinkhanzadeh; Azam Moradi; Manijeh Farshchi
Volume 2, Issue 7 , October 2012, , Pages 97-114
Abstract
The aim of this study is to predict adaptive behaviors of students with intellectual disabilities on the basis of parenting styles. The statistical population of this research includes all mothers of students with intellectual disabilities in Shiraz city, out of which 101 mothers are selected by random ...
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The aim of this study is to predict adaptive behaviors of students with intellectual disabilities on the basis of parenting styles. The statistical population of this research includes all mothers of students with intellectual disabilities in Shiraz city, out of which 101 mothers are selected by random cluster sampling. Parenting styles questionnaire (Robinson et al., 1995) is used for measuring parenting styles and Lambert's Adaptive Behavior Inventory is applied for measuring the adaptive behavior of students with intellectual disabilities. The data analysis done by using multiple regression test shows that authoritarian and permissive parenting styles is a significant positive predictor of antisocial, outburst behavior, violent and disruptive, and stereotypic behaviors, isolation and psychological distress, spleeny and socially inappropriate behaviors (p
fatemeh hakak khadem; seyed saeid seyed ahmadi zavieh
Abstract
Art therapy as a psychotherapy method can be helpful in diagnosis and treatment of many disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of art therapy (visual arts) on the negative symptoms of a number of patients with schizophrenia in the psychiatric center (Ahebba). The method of ...
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Art therapy as a psychotherapy method can be helpful in diagnosis and treatment of many disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of art therapy (visual arts) on the negative symptoms of a number of patients with schizophrenia in the psychiatric center (Ahebba). The method of this study is descriptive as kind of semi experimental with a pre-test/ post-test. Statistical population consisted of all schizophrenic patients in the psychiatric center (Ahebba), among them fourteen patients have been selected through available statistical sampling. The group participated in art therapy sessions for 10 serial 90-minute sessions in four (4) consecutive weeks. To assess the effectiveness of art therapy, the PPAT’s illustrative test and FEATS’s scale of formal element in art therapy have been used. The results from this research shows that art therapy is effective in reducing the negative symptoms (such as anxiety, inattention, depression, low self-steam) in patients with schizophrenia.
Mohammad reza Jalali; Leila Hassanpoor
Volume 2, Issue 5 , April 2012, , Pages 99-124
Abstract
Purpose: The current study was designed to investigate nature and direction of relationship between thought and language. For this aim, concept formation in deaf and hearing students compared until influence of lack and delay in language instruction and also differential language input (sign language) ...
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Purpose: The current study was designed to investigate nature and direction of relationship between thought and language. For this aim, concept formation in deaf and hearing students compared until influence of lack and delay in language instruction and also differential language input (sign language) upon concept formation and subsequently thought evaluated.
Method: The statistical population is thehearing- impaired including all 5 – 17 years deaf people in an educational center, under the supervision of Qazvin exceptional institution, who receive educations and the non –impaired group includes all 5 – 17 years hearing people in kindergartens, elementary, secondary and high schools of Qazvin. TheSample groupincluded three 30-members groups (hearing, profound deafness and moderate deafness). Each groups consist of 15 girls and 15 boys (pre operational age (5), concrete operational age (5) and formal operational age (5) and a 20-members group (mild deafness) which is composed of 10 girls and 10 boys (concrete operational (5) and formal operational (5). Tools of research were Vygotskii’s concept formation test and data was analyzed with SPSS software and by using one-way Anova, multiday ANOVA, Tuckey post hoc and independent sample T tests analysis.
Results: indicate that appearance and development of real concepts in deaf and hearing children is equal and concept formation in preoperational and concrete operational don’t show significant difference, but in formal operational group there was a significant difference between hearing and deaf people in concept formation. From agents of age, gender and deafness, only the age affected the concept formation, deafness only in formal operational groups influenced concept formation. Girls and boys show similar functioning in concept formation.
Conclusion and Recommendations: With regard to limitations of this study, future researches should make use of random sampling and more agents must be considered.
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Abstract
This research aimed to assess the efficacy of play therapy on student’s aggression and spelling disorder.This research method was quasi-experimental design from pretest-posttest with control group.The research sample was 24 girl and boy students in zone of dual of Tehran province that by ...
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This research aimed to assess the efficacy of play therapy on student’s aggression and spelling disorder.This research method was quasi-experimental design from pretest-posttest with control group.The research sample was 24 girl and boy students in zone of dual of Tehran province that by convenience sampling with considering of entry criteria selected. Participants were randomly allocated into control and experimental groups.Shahim aggression questionnaires and researcher made of spelling test administered among selected sample.Results indicated that play therapy in the post-test step was effective in reduce aggression and improvement spelling disorder in the experimental group.Overall results indicated the importance and effectiveness of play therapy on aggression and spelling disorder. According to the results, can say that use of play therapy as an effective way and without harmful effects in health centers, useful in reducing aggression and improve spelling disorder.
Fatemeh Ebrahimi; Mahboobe Taher
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of teaching self-regulation skills on executive functions and social skills of preschool students with mild mental disability. The study used a single-subject experimental and a single baseline design with a two-week post-test follow-up. The target population ...
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The present study investigated the effect of teaching self-regulation skills on executive functions and social skills of preschool students with mild mental disability. The study used a single-subject experimental and a single baseline design with a two-week post-test follow-up. The target population included all preschool children – 8-10 years of age – with mild mental disability (with IQ between 50 and 70) in Shahrood, Iran, in 2017-18. The sample included four students selected through convenience sampling. Gresham and Elliott's (1999) Social Skills Questionnaire and Coolidge's (2001) Neuropsychological Inventory were completed by the instructors. To train the students, the self-regulation package was employed over eight 45-minute sessions in one month using games, storytelling, and role-plays. To assess the results, visual analysis of the diagrams, the percentage of all non-overlapping data (PAND), and effect size were employed. Therefore, it can be concluded that teaching self-regulation skills is effective in increasing social skills and executive functions students with mild mental disability by improving the ability to plan, self- monitoring and organization in students with mild mental disability.
Najme Ebrahimzade; Seyyed Mohsen Asgharinekah; Sakineh Soltani Kouhbanani
Abstract
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing patience group training on self-efficacy and attitude of mothers with exceptional children. This quasi-experimental study involved a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The population of the study included all mothers with ...
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Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing patience group training on self-efficacy and attitude of mothers with exceptional children. This quasi-experimental study involved a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The population of the study included all mothers with exceptional children in Mashhad who were registered with the exceptional education department in Khorasan province. Voluntary participation and sample selection using random sampling were utilized. Thirty-two mothers of exceptional children were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (16 participants per group). The instruments used to measure the study variables were the patience, Domka self-efficacy, and parents' attitudes toward exceptional children questionnaires. A pre-test was conducted on both groups. The experimental group underwent ten sessions of patience training, while no training was provided to the control group. After the training sessions, both groups took the questionnaires again (post-test). Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MONCOVA). The results revealed that patience training led to enhanced self-efficacy, reduced hopelessness, improved attitude, increased failure tolerance, and lower levels of shame in mothers with exceptional children. As a result, it is recommended that counselors and psychologists focus on patience training in family education programs and groups of parents of exceptional children.
Keywords: Patience, Self-Efficacy, Attitude, Mothers Of Exceptional Children.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
When an exceptional child is born, the parent's experience of parenting and the process of acceptance will be different. (Azad Yekta, 2021). An exceptional child is defined as a child with mental, physical, social, or emotional disorders that may stop or slow down their growth and development. This could lead to behavioral and emotional issues, and pose challenges for parents (Joe and Associates, 2020, Afsari & Zeinali, 2021). Parents may feel a wide range of emotions, including anger, guilt, and disappointment, in their struggle to adapt to the situation of having an exceptional child. This experience has been linked to mental health issues and marriage problems and often leads to a need for receiving educational and empowerment programs (Rane, 2020; Kargar and Asghari Ebrahim Abad, 2015; Rezapour Mirsaleh and associates, 2020). One of the primary reasons for educating mothers is to shape, change and improve their behavior. Group education has been found to be among the most effective approaches in recent years (Norouzi and Associates, 2019). However, there has been a lack of focus on the importance of patience in regard to factors such as self-efficacy and attitude. The potential benefits of cultural and spiritual practices in improving self-efficacy and changing attitudes towards exceptional children have also not received sufficient attention.
This study aims to investigate the effects of a patient-education group based on cultural and religious teachings to enhance endurance and acceptance of hardships in the mothers of exceptional children. The goal is to examine whether this intervention will improve self-efficacy and attitudes in these mothers or not.
Literature review
The experience of living with an exceptional child can be highly challenging for mothers, who are under tremendous mental pressure to help their children navigate various difficulties and maintain their well-being. In this environment, their attitude towards their children is crucial, as it can greatly impact their ability to manage the various challenges they face and ensure their family's well-being (Jebelli & Khademi, 2019; Rani, 2020). Belief in one's self-efficacy has been identified as an important factor in influencing people's attitudes. Triandis explains that improvements in attitude can lead to increases in self-efficacy (Namazi & Associates, 2020). Along with positive attitudes, self-efficacy can fulfill basic cognitive needs such as a sense of worth, autonomy, and social relations. Moreover, the journey towards building self-efficacy can be a challenging one for exceptional children's parents, with potential ups and downs (Smart, 2016).
The role of self-efficacy in life is well-documented, particularly in the context of providing mothers of exceptional children with the necessary skills and support to navigate the challenges they face. Improving self-efficacy has been identified as a priority for these mothers and makes it urgent to develop interventions to address this need. Patience, as outlined by Currier and associates (2015), is central in allowing individuals to find meaning and purpose in times of difficulty. This can provide a valuable framework for understanding the role of self-efficacy in supporting mothers of exceptional children to navigate challenges and find a sense of purpose in their roles.
Patience can be defined as an individual's capability to delay a desired outcome without experiencing negative emotions or reactions towards the present situation (Roberts & Fishbach, 2020). Patience, from a psychological perspective, refers to one's ability to effectively manage internal and external pressures. This can involve learning to respond to challenging situations in a way that reduces stress levels and promotes a sense of emotional security. Psychologists identify three main components in the development and maintenance of patience: emotional, cognitive, and behavioral. These components relate to an individual's ability to tolerate uncertainty, regulate their emotions and beliefs, and modify their behaviors accordingly (Ghebari Bonab & Associates, 2017). Overall, patience
Methodology
This research study examines the impact of patience education on the self-efficacy and attitudes of mothers with children with special needs. The study utilizes a quasi-experimental design, with a randomized control group consisting of two groups of moms: the examination group that received 10 training sessions on patience and the witness group that did not receive any training. The study collected data from 32 moms via pre-testing and post-testing, using questionnaires focused on patience, self-efficacy, and parental attitudes towards exceptional children. This is an important area of research as there is a need to identify and implement effective methods to improve the well-being of mothers with children with special needs.
Introduction to intervention program
Based on this information, it appears that the 10-session training program focused on building patience through a variety of strategies, including:
Learning to use software to facilitate the process
Understanding pain conservation and acceptance
Developing a new perspective on life events
Acquiring an understanding of the process of grief
Recognizing the blessings bestowed by God
Learning to not put oneself in pain while raising exceptional children
Finding inspiration by studying the story of Moses and Khizr
Distincting between tolerance and patience
Improving anger management skills
Developing a sense of positivity
Understanding the different types of angry people and managing anger
Developing existential capacity and assumptions
Identifying ways to develop patience, including changing attitudes towards life and recognizing that patience is a learnable skill
Studying holy verses on patience and its consequences, and engaging in Q&A.
Overall, the program aimed to promote patience among mothers of exceptional children through a combination of educational, spiritual and emotional tools.
Results
The research data was analyzed using single and multi-factor analysis of covariance, and the results indicate that the training of patience can have a positive effect on self-efficacy, change of attitude, failure, disappointment, shame, and patience of mothers of exceptional children.
Table 1. results of comparing two groups in self-efficacy and patience.
factor
Source for change
Sum of squares
Degree od freedom
Average sum of squares
F
P
Effect size
Self-effocacy
Pre-test
84/94
1
84/94
10/1
30/0
03/0
group
17/692
1
7/692
08/8
008/0
21/0
error
34/2483
29
63/85
total
81689
32
Pre-test
75/360
1
75/360
96/5
02/0
17/0
Patience
group
05/684
1
05/687
35/11
002/0
28/0
error
93/1754
29
51/60
total
256823
32
Based on the table provided, it is clear that there is a significant difference between the examination group, which received the training of patience, and the witness group, which did not receive training, in terms of self-efficacy and patience. Specifically, the examination group demonstrated higher self-efficacy and patience in the post-test phase compared to the pre-test phase, indicating that the training of patience has been effective in improving these outcomes. These findings suggest that the training of patience may be an effective intervention strategy to enhance the well-being of mothers of exceptional children.
Discussion
From the findings of this study, it is evident that training in patience can positively influence the self-efficacy, change of attitude, failure, disappointment, shame, and patience of mothers of exceptional children. Patience is an innate human trait that enables individuals to develop the ability to handle life pressures with resilience. The ability to defer one's own interests with the hope of attaining knowledge or a desirable outcome in the future is critical for personal growth and well-being. By improving their patience skills, mothers of exceptional children may be better equipped to handle the challenges of raising children with special needs.
Conclusion
The study showed significant differences in the self-efficacy, change of attitude, failure, disappointment, shame, and patience levels of mothers of children with exceptional needs between the examination and witness groups. As a result, it is recommended that counselors and psychologists consider incorporating patient training in the family education and group programs of mothers of children with exceptional needs to enhance their well-being.
Acknowledgements
We extend our gratitude to the mothers who participated in the study and provided valuable insights into the effect of patient training on their well-being. Their participation was crucial in helping us gather important data and make meaningful contributions to the field. We hope that this research can contribute to developing more effective interventions to support the needs of mothers of exceptional children.
ali Isazadegan; Farzaneh Mika’ili Mani; Hossein Jenabadi; Farideh Qolinejad
Volume 3, Issue 11 , March 2013, , Pages 107-126
Abstract
The present research aims to study the differencesin thinking styles and emotional creativity in gifted and ordinary 1st-gradehigh school studentsin Urmia city. The research method was that ofcausal-comparative. Using multi-stage cluster sampling method, 400 subjects(including 200 gifted, 200 ordinary ...
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The present research aims to study the differencesin thinking styles and emotional creativity in gifted and ordinary 1st-gradehigh school studentsin Urmia city. The research method was that ofcausal-comparative. Using multi-stage cluster sampling method, 400 subjects(including 200 gifted, 200 ordinary ones) were selected from among the 1st-gradehigh school students in Urmia. The Thinking Styles Inventory (Sternberg, 1994)and the Emotional Creativity Inventory (Averill, 1994) were carried out onthem. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results showed that there was a significantdifference between ordinary and gifted students in their emotional creativityand thinking styles. The mean of legislative and judicial thinking styles ingifted students were higher than that of ordinary students. Moreover, the meanof executive, global, local, and conservative thinking styles in ordinarystudents were higher than that of gifted students. Generally, the resultssuggest that the interaction between thinking styles and emotional creativityis an important factor in students’ individual learning differences. Althoughthe results of this research are exploratory in nature, they have practicalimplications
setare shojai; Hojjat Pirzadi; Mohammad Khamooshi; Saeed Sharifi
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the loneliness in people with hearing impairment, vision impairment and normal people. The statistical population included all people with hearing impairment, vision impairment and normal people in Shiraz city. So, 116 subjects (32 with visual impairment, 21 ...
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The aim of the present study was to compare the loneliness in people with hearing impairment, vision impairment and normal people. The statistical population included all people with hearing impairment, vision impairment and normal people in Shiraz city. So, 116 subjects (32 with visual impairment, 21 with hearing impairment and 63 without impairment) were selected as sample size. People with hearing impairment and vision impairment were selected by purposeful sampling and normal people were chosen through multistage random sampling method. The measurement tool was Loneliness Scale. To analyze data ANOVA and MANOVA were used. The results showed that loneliness in people with hearing and vision impairment was significantly more than in normal people. Moreover, analysis of data about subscales revealed that in two subscales of loneliness, loneliness due to relationship with family and affective symptoms of loneliness, loneliness in people with hearing and vision impairment was significantly more than normal people. But, in one subscale (loneliness due to relationship with friends) there was no significant difference between people with hearing impairment, vision impairment and normal people. Due to the higher levels of loneliness in people with sensory impairments, it can be concluded that designing and implementing programs to reduce loneliness is a necessity for promoting mental health in these people.