نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری روان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران.

2 دکتری روان‌شناسی، واحد اردبیل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اردبیل، ایران.

3 کارشناس ارشد روان‌شناسی عمومی، واحد ارومیه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ارومیه، ایران.

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر باهدف آزمون روان‌سنجی مقیاس اضطراب کودکان مبتلا به اختلال طیف اوتیسم (فرم والد) انجام شد. روش پژوهش حاضر توصیفی از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش حاضر کلیۀ کودکان مبتلا به اختلال طیف اوتیسم شهرستان تهران بود که در سال 1401-1400 به مراکز آموزش و توان‌بخشی اوتیسم ارجاع داده‌شده بودند که با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری در دسترس 315 کودک (193 پسر و 122 دختر) انتخاب شدند. پس از ترجمه و اخذ نظرات کارشناسان خبره و آزمودنی­ها، روایی صوری مقیاس تأیید شد. برای انجام تحلیل­های آماری از نرم­افزار AMOS و SPSS استفاده شد. نتایج تحلیل عاملی تأییدی نشان داد که در نمونة کودکان ایرانی مبتلا به اختلال طیف اوتیسم ساختار چهار عاملی مقیاس شامل اضطراب عملکردی، برانگیختگی اضطراب، اضطراب جدایی و بلاتکلیفی با داده­ها برازش مطلوبی داشت. نتایج مربوط به همبستگی بین این مقیاس با مقیاس اضطراب اسپنس به­طور تجربی از روایی همگرا مقیاس اضطراب کودکان مبتلا به اختلال طیف اوتیسم حمایت کرد. مقادیر ضرایب همسانی درونی کل مقیاس و زیرمقیاس­های اضطراب عملکردی، برانگیختگی اضطراب، اضطراب جدایی و بلاتکلیفی به ترتیب برابر با 79/0، 78/0، 81/0، 76/0 و 82/0 به دست آمد. درمجموع، نتایج مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که مقیاس اضطراب کودکان مبتلا به اختلال طیف اوتیسم برای سنجش اضطراب در کودکان ایرانی مبتلا به اختلال طیف اوتیسم ابزاری روا و پایا است. ا این ابزار می­تواند جهت اندازه­گیری اضطراب در بخش­های پژوهشی و درمانی مورداستفاده قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Psychometric Properties of the Anxiety Scale for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASC-ASD) (Parent versions)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farhad Ghadiri Sourman Abadi 1
  • khoshdavi ebrahimzade 1
  • Roya Zare 2
  • Mehrnoush Javaezi Shishavan, 3

1 PhD in Psychology, Faculty of literature and Humanities, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran.

2 PhD in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University Ardabil Branch, Ardabil, Iran

3 M.A in General Psychology, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran.

چکیده [English]

The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the psychometric properties of the anxiety scale of children with autism spectrum disorder (parent form). The method of the current research was a correlational description. The statistical population of the present study was all children with autism spectrum disorder in Tehran city who were referred to autism education and rehabilitation centers in 2022. 315 children (193 boys and 122 girls) were selected using available sampling method. After translating and obtaining the opinions of experts and subjects, the face validity of the scale was confirmed. AMOS and SPSS software were used for statistical analysis. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that in the sample of Iranian children with autism spectrum disorder, the four-factor structure of the scale including performance anxiety, anxiety arousal, separation anxiety and uncertainty had a good fit with the data. The results related to the correlation between this scale and the Spence anxiety scale experimentally supported the convergent validity of the anxiety scale of children with autism spectrum disorder. The internal consistency coefficients of the whole scale and subscales of functional anxiety, anxiety arousal, separation anxiety and uncertainty were obtained as 0.79, 0.78, 0.81, 0.76 and 0.82, respectively. Overall, the results of the present study showed that the anxiety scale of children with autism spectrum disorder is a valid and reliable tool for measuring anxiety in Iranian children with autism spectrum disorder. This tool can be used to measure anxiety in Research and treatment sections.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • anxiety
  • validity
  • reliability
  • autism spectrum disorder
منابع
حسن نتاج، فهیمه.، تقی­پور­جوان، عباسعلی.، پور­فاطمی، فاطمه.، آرام، سید، سعید (1399). غربالگری و شیوع­شناسی اختلال طیف اوتیسم در کودکان ۳-۶ سال مهدکودک‌های تحت نظارت سازمان بهزیستی استان مازندران. فصلنامه سلامت روان کودک. ۷ (۳): ۲۱۸-۲۰۵.
ضرغامی، فیروزه، حیدری نسب، لیلا، شعیری، محمدرضا و شهریور، زهرا. (1394). بررسی اثربخشی درمان شناختی رفتاری مبتنی بر برنامه "Coping cat" در کاهش اضطراب کودکان 10-8 ساله مبتلا به اضطراب. مطالعات روان‌شناسی بالینی، 5(19)، 183-202.
غدیری، فرهاد.، سلیمانی، اسماعیل. (1400). طراحی برنامۀ آموزش کارکردهای اجرایی و بررسی میزان اثربخشی آن بر ارتقای همدلی در کودکان مبتلا به اختلال طیف اوتیسم با عملکرد بالا. فصل‌نامه پژوهش‌های کاربردی روان‌شناختی. 12(1): 24-227.
میکاییلی‌منیع، فرزانه و آب‌خیز، شلر. (1399). بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی سنجۀ اضطراب کودکان و نوجوانان بر اساس DSM-5. روان‌شناسی بالینی، 12(4)، 62-49.
 
References
Adams, D. (2022). Child and parental mental health as correlates of school non-attendance and school refusal in children on the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(8), 3353-3365.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnosticand statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association.
Beneytez-Barroso, C., Del, P. A., García-Villamisar, D., & Rodgers, J. (2020). Adaptación al español de la Anxiety Scale for Children with ASD (ASC ASD-P)[Spanish Adaptation of the Anxiety Scale for Children with ASD (ASC ASD-P). Acción Psicológica.
Birmaher, B., Brent, D. A., Chiappetta, L., Bridge, J., Monga, S., & Baugher, M. (1999). Psychometric properties of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): A replication study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(10), 1230–1236.
Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C., & Heyne, D. (2022). Risk for school refusal among autistic boys bullied at school: Investigating associations with social phobia and separation anxiety. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 69(1), 190-203.
Bogdashina, O., Casanova, M. (2016). Sensory perceptual issues in autism and Asperger Syndrome: Different sensory experiences – Different perceptual worlds (2nd ed.). Jessica Kingsley
Boterberg, S., Charman, T., Marschik, P.B., Bolte, S., Roeyers, H. (2019). Regression in autism spectrum disorder: A critical overview of retrospective findings and recommendations for future research. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 102: 24–55.
Boulter, C., Freeston, M., South, M., & Rodgers, J. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty as a framework for understanding anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 44(6), 1391-1402.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Ghandour, R. M., Sherman, L. J., Vladutiu, C. J., Ali, M. M., Lynch, S. E., Bitsko, R. H., & Blumberg, S. J. (2019). Prevalence and treatment of depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in US children. The Journal of pediatrics, 206, 256-267.
Gillott, A., & Standen, P. J. (2007). Levels of anxiety and sources of stress in adults with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 11(4), 359–370.
Gjevik, E., Eldevik, S., Fjaeran-Granum, T., & Sponheim, E. (2011). Kiddie-SADS reveals high rates of DSM-IV disorders in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 761–769.
Hallett, V., Lecavalier, L., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Cipriano, N., Aman, M. G., McCracken, J. T., ... & Scahill, L. (2013). Exploring the manifestations of anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 43(10), 2341-2352.
Hodgson, A. R., Freeston, M. H., Honey, E., & Rodgers, J. (2017). Facing the unknown: Intolerance of uncertainty in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities, 30(2), 336-344.
Jenkinson, R., Milne, E., & Thompson, A. (2020). The relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety in autism: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Autism, 24(8), 1933-1944.
Keen, D., Adams, D., Simpson, K., den Houting, J., & Roberts, J. (2019). Anxiety-related symptomatology in young children on the autism spectrum. Autism, 23(2), 350–358.
Lin-Stephens, S., Manuguerra, M., & Bulbert, M. W. (2022). Seeing is relieving: effects of serious storytelling with images on interview performance anxiety. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 1-22.
Luxford, S., Hadwin, J. A., & Kovshoff, H. (2017). Evaluating the effectiveness of a school-based cognitive behavioural therapy intervention for anxiety in adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(12), 3896–3908.
Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., & Baio, J. (2020). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2016. MMWR Surveillance summaries, 69(4), 1.
Mingins, J. E., Tarver, J., Waite, J., Jones, C., & Surtees, A. D. (2021). Anxiety and intellectual functioning in autistic children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism, 25(1), 18-32.
Muris, P., Mayer, B., Freher, N. K., Duncan, S., & van den Hout, A. (2010). Children’s internal attributions of anxiety-related physical symptoms: Age-related patterns and the role of cognitive development and anxiety sensitivity. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 41(5), 535-548.
Namlı, Z., Özbay, A., & Tamam, L. (2022). Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder: A Review. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar, 14(1), 46-56.
Pellecchia, M., Connell, J.E., Kerns, C.M., Xie, M., Marcus, S.C., & Mandell, D.S. (2015). Child characteristics associated with outcome for children with autism in a schoolbased behavioral intervention. Autism, 1362361315577518.
Perihan, C., Bicer, A., & Bocanegra, J. (2022). Assessment and treatment of anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder in school settings: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis. School Mental Health, 14(1), 153-164.
Perihan, C., Burke, M., Bowman-Perrott, L., Bicer, A., Gallup, J., Thompson, J., & Sallese, M. (2020a). Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for reducing anxiety in children with high functioning ASD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(6), 1958–1972.
Rodgers, J., Farquhar, K., Mason, D., Brice, S., Wigham, S., Ingham, B., ... & Parr, J. R. (2020). Development and initial evaluation of the anxiety scale for autism-adults. Autism in Adulthood, 2(1), 24-33.
Rodgers, J., Wigham, S., McConachie, H., Freeston, M., Honey, E., & Parr, J. R. (2016). Development of the anxiety scale for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASC‐ASD). Autism Research9(11), 1205-1215.
Rodgers, J., Wigham, S., McConachie, H., Freeston, M., Honey, E., & Parr, J. R. (2016). Development of the anxiety scale for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASC‐ASD). Autism Research, 9(11), 1205-1215.
Soh, C. P., Goh, T. J., Magiati, I., & Sung, M. (2021). Caregiver-and child-Reported anxiety using an autism-specific measure: Measurement properties and correlates of the Anxiety Scale for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASC-ASD) in verbal young people with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(8), 2646-2662.
Spence, S. H. (1997). Spence children′ s anxiety scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders.
Spence, S. H. (1997). Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: A confirmatory factor-analytic study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(2), 280–297.
Toseeb, U., & Asbury, K. (2022). A longitudinal study of the mental health of autistic children and adolescents and their parents during COVID-19: Part 1, quantitative findings. Autism, 13623613221082715.
Van Steensel, F. J., Bögels, S. M., & Perrin, S. (2011). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Clinical child and family psychology review, 14(3), 302-317.
Vasa, R. A., Kreiser, N. L., Keefer, A., Singh, V., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2018). Relationships between autism spectrum disorder and intolerance of uncertainty. Autism Research, 11(4), 636-644.
Wood, J. J., & Gadow, K. D. (2010). Exploring the nature and function of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17(4), 281–292.
Yarger, H. A., Nordahl, C. W., & Redcay, E. (2022). Examining associations between amygdala volumes and anxiety symptoms in autism spectrum disorder. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 7(9), 916-924.
Zainal, H., Magiati, I., Tan, J.W.-L., Sung, M., Fung, D.S.S., & Howlin, P. (2014). A Preliminary investigation of the spence children’s anxiety parent scale as a screening tool for anxiety in young people with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(8), 1982–1994.