نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری رشته روانشناسی و آموزش کودکان با نیازهای خاص، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.
2 استادیار گروه روانشناسی و آموزش افراد با نیازهای خاص، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.
چکیده
هدف این پژوهش، بررسی پیشایندها و پیامدهای کارکردهای اجرایی در نوجوانان با اختلال سلوک، در قالب یک مدل علی بود. روش پژوهش، از نوع توصیفی و طرح همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل دانشآموزان پسر متوسطه اول مشغول به تحصیل استان قم در سال 1400 بودند. از این جامعه، 451 نفر که با استفاده از پرسشنامه علائم مرضی (4SCI-) کودکان با اختلال سلوک تشخیص داده‌شده و حاضر به همکاری بودند با استفاده از روش نمونهگیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند. برای جمعآوری دادهها از پرسشنامه شیوه فرزندپروری، کارکردهای اجرایی و صفات سنگدلی-بیرحمی استفاده شد. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل دادهها از روشهای ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و آزمون تحلیل مسیر استفاده شد. نتایج ماتریس همبستگی نشان داد که بین متغیرهای پژوهش همبستگی معناداری در سطح p <05/0 و p < 01/0 وجود داشت. در ادامه، نتایج تحلیل مسیر حاکی از معناداری نقش واسطهای کارکردهای اجرایی در رابطه میان شیوههای فرزندپروری و صفات سنگدلی-بیرحمی بود. به‌طورکلی، کارکردهای اجرایی و شیوههای فرزندپروری دو مورد از عوامل اصلی برای بررسی صفات سنگدلی-بیرحمی هستند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Evaluating The Causal Model of Parenting Methods and Callous–unemotional Traits in Adolescents With Conduct Disorder: The Mediating Role of Executive Functions
نویسندگان [English]
- fatemeh kargar 1
- Amir Ghamarani 2
- Ghasem Norouzi 2
1 Ph.D Student, Psychology and Education of Children with Special Needs, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology and Education of People with Special Needs, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
چکیده [English]
The purpose of this research was to investigate the antecedents and consequences of executive functions in adolescents with conduct Disorder in the form of a causal model. The research method was descriptive research and correlation design. The statistical population of the research included first secondary school boys studying in Qom city in 2021. From this community, 451 people who were diagnosed with conduct disorder using the Children Symptom inventory (SCI-4) and were willing to cooperate were selected using Convenience Sampling. To collect data, the questionnaire of parenting style, executive functions and Callous–unemotional traits was used. Pearson's correlation coefficient and path analysis tests were used to analyze the data. The results of the correlation matrix showed that there was a significant correlation between the research variables at the level of P>0.01 and P>0.05. Further, the results of the path analysis indicated the significance of the mediating role of executive functions in the relationship between parenting methods and Callous–unemotional traits. In general, the executive functions and parenting methods are two of the main factors for investigating Callous–unemotional traits.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Parenting
- Executive Functions
- Callous–Unemotional Traits
منابع
اسفندیاری، غلامرضا. (1373). مقایسه شیوههای فرزندپروری مادران در دو گروه کودکان مبتلا به اختلال رفتار و تأثیر آموزش مادران در کاهش اختلال رفتاری. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، انستیتوی تحقیقات روانپزشکی تهران.
پالیزیان، آرزو؛ مهرابی‌زاده هنرمند، مهناز و ارشدی، نسرین. (1399). ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی پرسشنامه‌ی بیرحمی - بی‌احساسی در نوجوانان پسر. روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت،15(1)، 201-211.
علیپور، احمد؛ عاصمی، زهرا و حسینی یزدی، عاطفه. (1393). مقایسه اثربخشی سه روش مداخله‌ای پسخوراند عصبی، آموزش مدیریت رفتار والدین و درمان ترکیبی در کاهش نشانگان اختلال سلوک کودکان، فصلنامه روانشناسی کاربردی، 8(4)، 79-94.
علیزاده، حمید و زاهدی پور، مهدی. (۱۳۸۳). کارکردهای اجرایی در کودکان با و بدون اختلال هماهنگی رشدی. تازه‌های علوم شناختی، ۶ (۳ و ۴)، ۵۶-49.
فرزاد، ولی‌الله؛ امامی پور، سوزان و وکیل قاهانی، فرشته. (1390). بررسی اعتبار، روایی و هنجاریابی پرسشنامه علائم مرضی کودکان. فصلنامه تحقیقات روانشناختی، 3(11)، 47-57.
محمد اسماعیل، الهه علیپور، احمد. (1381). بررسی مقدماتی اعتبار و روایی و تعیین نقاط برش اختلال‌های پرسشنامه علائم مرضی کودکان (CSI-۴). فصلنامه کودکان استثنایی. ۲ (۳)، ۲۵۴-۲۳۹
References
American Psychiatric Association, & American Psychiatric Association. (2013). DSM-5 Task Force Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington. DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Awada, S. R., Ellis, R. A., Shelleby, E. C., & Orcutt, H. K. (2022). Gender Differences in Callous Unemotional Trait Profiles in an Undergraduate Sample. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 1-22.
Baglivio, M. T., Wolff, K. T., Piquero, A. R., Greenwald, M. A., & Epps, N. (2017). Racial/ethnic disproportionality in psychiatric diagnoses and treatment in a sample of serious juvenile offenders. Journal of youth and adolescence, 46(7), 1424-1451.
Bansal, P. S., Goh, P. K., Lee, C. A., & Martel, M. M. (2020). Conceptualizing callous-unemotional traits in preschool through confirmatory factor and network analysis. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 48(4), 539-550.
Baroncelli, A., & Ciucci, E. (2020). Bidirectional effects between callous-unemotional traits and student-teacher relationship quality among middle school students. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 48(2), 277-288.
Baskin-Sommers, A. R., Waller, R., Fish, A. M., & Hyde, L. W. (2015). Callous-unemotional traits trajectories interact with earlier conduct problems and executive control to predict violence and substance use among hig hrisk male adolescents. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 43(8), 1529-1541.
Baumrind, D. (1973). The development of instrumental competence through socialization. In Minnesota symposium on child psychology.7, 3-46.
Bedford, R., Gliga, T., Hendry, A., Jones, E. J., Pasco, G., Charman, T., ... & Pickles, A. (2019). Infant regulatory function acts as a protective factor for later traits of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder but not callous unemotional traits. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 11(1), 1-11.
Blair, C., Raver, C. C., Berry, D. J., & Family Life Project Investigators (2014). Two approaches to estimating the effect of parenting on the development of executive function in early childhood. Developmental psychology, 50(2), 554–565.
Blair, J. R. (2016). The neurobiology of disruptive behavior disorder. American journal of psychiatry, 173(11), 1073-1074.
Blair, R. J. (2020). Modeling the Comorbidity of Cannabis Abuse and Conduct Disorder/Conduct Problems from a Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 16(1), 3-21.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental psychology, 22(6), 723-742.
Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of personality assessment, 57(1), 110-119.
Carroll, A. G. (2022). Comparing Executive Functioning Impairments across Clinical Groups: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Their Comorbid Occurrence in Children (Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Learn about mental health.
Child Psychology, 45(1), 15–26. https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/ learn/index.htm
conduct problems: mediation by parenting. Journal of Abnormal
Coolidge, F. L., Thede, L. L., Stewart, S. E., & Segal, D. L. (2002). The Coolidge Personality and Neuropsychological Inventory for Children (CPNI) Preliminary Psychometric Characteristics. Behavior modification, 26(4), 550-566.
Dargis, M., & Li, J. J. (2020). The Interplay between Positive and Negative Parenting and Children’s Negative Affect on Callous-Unemotional Traits. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(9), 2614-2622.
Ding, R., & He, P. (2022). Parenting styles and health in mid-and late life: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. BMC geriatrics, 22(1), 1-11
Essau, C. A., Sasagawa, S., & Frick, P. J. (2006). Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents. Assessment, 13(4), 454-469.
Fisher, L., & Blair, R. J. R. (1998). Cognitive impairment and its relationship to psychopathic tendencies in children with emotional and behavioral difficulties. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 26(6), 511-519.
Fisher, L., & Blair, R. J. R. (1998). Cognitive impairment and its relationship to psychopathic tendencies in children with emotional and behavioral difficulties. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 26(6), 511-519.
Flom, M., White, D., Ganiban, J., & Saudino, K. J. (2020). Longitudinal links between callous-unemotional behaviors and parenting in early childhood: a genetically informed design. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(3), 401-409.
Frick, P. J., Ray, J. V., Thornton, L. C., & Kahn, R. E. (2014a). A developmental psychopathology approach to understanding callous-unemotional traits in children and adolescents with serious conduct problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatr, 55, 532-48.
Frick, P. J., Ray, J. V., Thornton, L. C., & Kahn, R. E. (2014b). Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? A comprehensive review. Psychological bulletin, 140(1), 1–57.
Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (2007). The symptom inventories: An annotated bibliography [On-line]. Available: www. check mateplus. com.
Ghandour, R. M., Sherman, L. J., Vladutiu, C. J., Ali, M. M., Lynch, S. E., Bitsko, R. H., & Blumberg, S. J. (2019). Prevalence and treatment of depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in US children. The Journal of pediatrics, 206, 256-267.
Giancola, P. R. (2007). The underlying role of aggressivity in the relation between executive functioning and alcohol consumption. Addictive behaviors, 32(4), 765-783.
Graziano, P. A., Landis, T., Maharaj, A., Ros-Demarize, R., Hart, K. C., & Garcia, A. (2022). Differentiating preschool children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional behaviors through emotion regulation and executive functioning. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 51(2), 170-182.
Hadjicharalambous, M. Z., & Fanti, K. A. (2018). Self regulation, cognitive capacity and risk taking: Investigating heterogeneity among adolescents with callous-unemotional traits. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 49(3), 331-340.
Hammond, S. I., Müller, U., Carpendale, J. I., Bibok, M. B., & Liebermann-Finestone, D. P. (2012). The effects of parental scaffolding on preschoolers' executive function. Developmental psychology, 48(1), 271–281.
Kahn, R. E., Frick, P. J., Youngstrom, E. A., Kogos Youngstrom, J., Feeny, N. C., & Findling, R. L. (2013). Distinguishing primary and secondary variants of callous-unemotional traits among adolescents in a clinic-referred sample. Psychological assessment, 25(3), 966–978.
Keough, K. L. (2022). Treatment Readiness Among Adolescents in Acute Care: The Impact of School Refusal Behavior and School Interference (Doctoral dissertation, Fairleigh Dickinson University).
Kerig, P. K., & Stellwagen, K. K. (2010). Roles of callous-unemotionaltraits, narcissism, and Machiavellianism in childhood aggression.Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 343–352.
Kim, H., & Chang, H. (2019). Longitudinal association between children’s callous-unemotional traits and social competence: Child executive function and maternal warmth as moderators. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 379.
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4th ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Kohlhoff, J., Mahmood, D., Kimonis, E., Hawes, D. J., Morgan, S., Egan, R., & Eapen, V. (2020). Callous–unemotional traits and disorganized attachment: Links with disruptive behaviors in toddlers. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 51(3), 399-406.
Kuppens, S., & Ceulemans, E. (2019). Parenting styles: A closer look at a well-known concept. Journal of child and family studies, 28(1), 168-181.
Levine, A. (2022). Social Media and Early Adolescence: Middle School Principals’ Developmentally Responsive Practices that Guide Student Use of Social Media (Doctoral dissertation, Manhattanville College).
Liu, J., Xiao, B., Hipson, W. E., Coplan, R. J., Yang, P., & Cheah, C. S. (2018). Self-regulation, learning problems, and maternal authoritarian parenting in Chinese children: A developmental cascades model. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(12), 4060-4070.
Ma, Y., Xing, X., & Zhang, M. (2022). Parental Rejection and School-aged Children’s Externalizing Behavior Problems in China: The Roles of Executive Function and Callous-unemotional Traits. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 1-12.
Newman, M. (2017). The relationship between parenting style and self-regulation in early childhood. Honors Theses. Dominican University of California
Nguyen, A. (2021). Supporting Adolescents Curriculum for Mental Health Professionals. California State University, Long Beach.
O'Brien, B. S., & Frick, P. J. (1996). Reward dominance: Associations with anxiety, conduct problems, and psychopathy in children. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 24(2), 223-240.
O'Brien, B. S., & Frick, P. J. (1996). Reward dominance: Associations with anxiety, conduct problems, and psychopathy in children. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 24(2), 223-240.
Parenting for Brain. (2012, July 18). Four types of parenting styles.www.parentingforbrain.com/wp-content/uploads/Types-of-Parenting-Styles.pdf
Pauli, R., Tino, P., Rogers, J. C., Baker, R., Clanton, R., Birch, P., ... & De Brito, S. A. (2021). Positive and negative parenting in conduct disorder with high versus low levels of callous–unemotional traits. Development and psychopathology, 33(3), 980-991.
Pisano, S., Muratori, P., Gorga, C., Levantini, V., Iuliano, R., Catone, G., ... & Masi, G. (2017). Conduct disorders and psychopathy in children and adolescents: aetiology, clinical presentation and treatment strategies of callous-unemotional traits. Italian journal of pediatrics, 43(1), 1-11.
Rak, C. (2021). Executive Functioning: Self-Regulated Practices Used in an Inclusive Classroom to Support Students with and without ADHD (Doctoral dissertation, Trinity Christian College).
Roskam, I., Stievenart, M., Meunier, J. C., & Noël, M. P. (2014). The development of children’s inhibition: Does parenting matter?. Journal of experimental child psychology, 122, 166-182.
Ruisch, I. H., Dietrich, A., Klein, M., Faraone, S. V., Oosterlaan, J., Buitelaar, J. K., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2020). Aggression based genome-wide, glutamatergic, dopaminergic and neuroendocrine polygenic risk scores predict callous-unemotional traits. Neuropsychopharmacology, 45(5), 761-769.
Sakai, J. T., Mikulich-Gilbertson, S. K., Young, S. E., Rhee, S. H., McWilliams, S. K., Dunn, R., ... & Hopfer, C. J. (2016). Adolescent male conduct-disordered patients in substance use disorder treatment: Examining the “limited prosocial emotions” specifier. Journal of child & adolescent substance abuse, 25(6), 613-625.
Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). Reactive aggression among maltreated children: The contributions of attention and emotion dysregulation. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 381–395.
Skinner, E. A., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2016). Parenting, Family Stress, Developmental Cascades, and the Differential Development of Coping. In E. A. Skinner & M. J. Zimmer-Gembeck (Eds.), The Development of Coping: Stress, Neurophysiology, Social Relationships, and Resilience During Childhood and Adolescence. 239-261. Cham: Springer International Publishing..
Sosic-Vasic, Z., Kröner, J., Schneider, S., Vasic, N., Spitzer, M., & Streb, J. (2017). The association between parenting behavior and executive functioning in children and young adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(472), 1–8.
Squillaci, M., & Benoit, V. (2021). Role of Callous and Unemotional (CU) Traits on the development of youth with behavioral disorders: A systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(9), 4712.
Sulik, M. J., Blair, C., Mills‐Koonce, R., Berry, D., Greenberg, M., Family Life Project Investigators, ... & Willoughby, M. T. (2015). Early parenting and the development of externalizing behavior problems: Longitudinal mediation through children's executive function. Child development, 86(5), 1588-
Thomson, N. D., & Centifanti, L. (2018). Proactive and reactive aggression subgroups in typically developing children: The role of executive functioning, psychophysiology, and psychopathy. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 49(2), 197-208.
Trentacosta, C. J., Waller, R., Neiderhiser, J. M., Shaw, D. S., Natsuaki, M. N., Ganiban, J. M., ... & Hyde, L. W. (2019). Callous-unemotional behaviors and harsh parenting: Reciprocal associations across early childhood and moderation by inherited risk. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 47(5), 811-823.
Tuvblad, C., Fanti, K. A., Andershed, H., Colins, O. F., & Larsson, H. (2017). Psychopathic personality traits in 5year old twins: the importance of genetic and shared environmental influences. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(4), 469-479.
Verrall, J. (2020). On not knowing the music: Disruptions to synchrony of affect in the vocal channel between mothers and their children with callous-unemotional (CU) traits. Thesis PhD.
Vučković, S., Ručević, S., & Ajduković, M. (2021). Parenting style and practices and children’s externalizing behaviour problems: Mediating role of children’s executive functions. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18(3), 313-329.
Wall, T. D., Frick, P. J., Fanti, K. A., Kimonis, E. R., & Lordos, A. (2016). Factors differentiating callous‐unemotional children with and without conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(8), 976-983.
Waller, R., Gardner, F., & Hyde, L. W. (2013). What are the associations between parenting, callous–unemotional traits, and antisocial behavior in youth? A systematic review of evidence. Clinical psychology review, 33(4), 593-608.
Waller, R., Hyde, L. W., Baskin-Sommers, A. R., & Olson, S. L. (2017). Interactions between callous unemotional behaviors and executive function in early childhood predict later aggression and lower peer-liking in late-childhood. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 45(3), 597-609.
Winstanley, M., Webb, R. T., & Conti‐Ramsden, G. (2021). Developmental language disorders and risk of recidivism among young offenders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(4), 396-403.
Zhong, C., Wang, M. C., Shou, Y., Zhang, X., & Deng, J. (2020). Maternal parenting mediate the relationship between maternal psychopathic traits and child callous-unemotional traits: A longitudinal multiple mediation model. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(11), 3142-3152.
References [In Persian]
Esfandiari, Gholamreza (1994). Comparison of mothers' parenting methods in two groups of children with behavioral disorders and the effect of mothers' education in reducing behavioral disorders. Master's thesis, Tehran Institute of Psychiatric Research.
Palizian, A., Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, M., & Arshadi, N. (2020). Psychometric Properties of Youth's Inventory of Callous Unemotional Traits (ICU-YV) in Male Teenagers. Clinical Psychology and Personality, 15(1), 201-211.
Alipour, A., Asemi, Z., & Yazdi, S. A. H. (2015). Comparison of the effectiveness of three intervention methods neurofeedback, parental management training and combination therapy on reducing symptoms of conduct disorder in children. Journal of Applied Psychology, 8(4), 79-94.
Alizadeh, H., & Zahedipour, M. (2004). Executive Functions in Children With and Without Developmental Coordination Disorder. Advances in Cognitive Sciences, 6(3), 49-56.
Farzad, W., Emamipour, S., & Vakil Kahani, F. (2011). Examining the validity, validity and standardization of the children's symptoms questionnaire. Psychological Research Quarterly, 3(11), 47-57.
Mohamadesmaiel, E., & Alipour, A. (2002). A Preliminary Study on the Reliability, Validity and Cut Off Points of the Disorders of Children Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4). Journal of Exceptional Children, 2(3), 239-254.
)