Shahrooz Nemati
Abstract
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by significant challenges, leading to extensive research on constructs like executive functions. This study aims to explore the bibliometric landscape of executive functions in ADHD through a systematic review. Utilizing ...
Read More
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by significant challenges, leading to extensive research on constructs like executive functions. This study aims to explore the bibliometric landscape of executive functions in ADHD through a systematic review. Utilizing the PRISMA model, data was extracted from the Scopus database using the keywords "Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder" and "Executive Function."
The findings reveal studies dating from 1957 to 2024, identifying 27 subject areas, primarily in medicine, psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. Notably, 2023 saw the highest publication rate with 7,995 documents, while only one document was noted between 1957 and 1982, highlighting an upward trend overall in research outputs, despite less focus in 2015-2016.
English, Spanish, and Chinese emerged as the predominant languages, with the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, and China leading in contributions; Iran ranks 22nd. The review indicates that individuals with ADHD exhibit poorer executive functioning compared to their peers, emphasizing deficits in working memory and self-regulation. Barkley’s theory suggests that ADHD involves greater self-regulation issues rather than solely attention deficits, advocating for comprehensive treatment approaches that include behavioral interventions, environmental modifications, and emotional regulation strategies.
Kimia Rigi; Mansooreh Shahriari Ahmadi,; Parisa Tajali; Parvaneh Ghodsi,
Abstract
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of an emotional recognition intervention on the emotional self-regulation and empathy of children diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). The study employed a semi-experimental research design, consisting ...
Read More
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of an emotional recognition intervention on the emotional self-regulation and empathy of children diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). The study employed a semi-experimental research design, consisting of a pre-test, a post-test, and a follow-up phase. The statistical population included all children diagnosed with ODD who sought counseling services in Mashhad during the academic year 2023. A total of 30 children were selected as the sample, meeting the inclusion criteria, and subsequently divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The study utilized three assessment tools to gather data: the Children Symptom Inventory-4 (Gadow and Sprafkin, 1994), the Emotion Self-Regulation questionnaire (Shields and Cicchetti, 1997), and the Empathy questionnaire for children and adolescents (Overgaauw et al, 2017). The statistical analysis of the data involved using the analysis of variance with repeated measurements. The results revealed that the experimental group's level of self-regulation and empathy significantly improved after the emotional recognition intervention compared to the control group (P < 0.01), and the positive changes were sustained at the one-month follow-up phase (P < 0.01). The study findings indicate that the emotional recognition intervention was found to be efficacious in increasing the emotional self-regulation and empathy skills of children diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD).
Keywords: Oppositional Defiant Disorder; Self-regulation; Empathy; Emotional Recognition Intervention.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a prevalent condition among children and adolescents, characterized by a consistent pattern of irritability, anger, disobedient or provocative behavior, aggression, and spitefulness (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). One contributing factor to rule-breaking, irritability, and aggressive or destructive behaviors in individuals with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is difficulty with emotional self-regulation (Perry et al., 2018; Vazsonyi et al., 2017). In particular, deficits in emotional self-regulation have been linked to impulsive behaviors and involvement in criminal activities (Kleine Deters et al., 2020; Jiang Furthermore, given the prevalence of symptoms such as aggression, irritability, and spitefulness in children and adolescents with ODD, it would be expected that they may exhibit differences in interpersonal relationships and emotion regulation or empathy when compared to typically developing children (Farzadi et al., 2015). Another aspect to consider is that destructive and aggressive behavior in individuals with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) are associated with impaired emotional recognition (Dawel et al., 2012; Schuberth et al., 2019). Difficulty in understanding and encoding emotional states can contribute to increased anger and irritability in ODD patients (Kara et al., 2017). Based on research findings and the knowledge that deficits in emotional self-regulation and empathy can negatively impact individuals with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), it is clear that appropriate interventions can lead to significant improvements in these individuals' issues. Such interventions have the potential to bring about meaningful changes in the rehabilitation of children and adolescents with ODD.
Research Question
The research question to be investigated in the present study is as follows: "Does an intervention that focuses on emotion recognition have an impact on the emotional self-regulation and empathy skills of students diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?"
Literature Review
In a study conducted by Jiang et al. (2016), it was found that children diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) have deficits in cognitive reappraisal, rumination, expressive suppression, and disclosure of negative emotions. The research conducted by Pijper et al. (2018) also revealed that boys with ODD, who exhibit poor emotional control, were found to have selective impairments in responses related to empathy. On the other hand, Acland et al. (2021) found that children with ODD who have poor emotion recognition skills exhibit higher rates of overt aggression. Additionally, Staff et al. (2022) discovered that a lack of facial emotion recognition in school-age children is associated with emotional and social problems and may limit the scope of their social interactions and even participation in social activities.
Methodology
The method of research used was a semi-experimental design with a pre-test, a subsequent test, and a follow-up phase, employing a control group. The target population of the current study comprised all children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder who sought counseling services in Mashhad during the academic year 2024. Out of this group, 30 participants were chosen through a convenience sampling method, and then subsequently 15 individuals were randomly assigned to the experimental group and another 15 individuals to the control group.
Results
The findings of this study revealed that the experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in emotional self-regulation and empathy skills in the subsequent test and follow-up phase when compared to the control group, whose scores remained relatively unchanged across all three phases. To analyze the data, the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements was adopted. The basic assumptions necessary for the validity of this test were confirmed. The analysis of the results showed that the interaction effect between stages and groups was significant for both self-regulation and empathy. The Bonferroni test confirmed significant differences between the experimental and control groups in both the pre-test and subsequent test phases, as well as in the pre-test and follow-up phases. However, there was no significant difference observed between the subsequent test phase and the follow-up phase, suggesting that the impact of the intervention remained stable over time.
Table 1. Variance analysis with repeated measures to investigate the effects of within and between groups for research variables
Component
Sum of Squares
DF
Mean Square
F
Sig.
Eta
Self-regulation
Factor
74.467
2
38.233
27.481
0.001
0.495
Factor*Group
69.622
2
34.811
25.021
0.001
0.472
Group
106.711
1
106.711
938.36
0.001
0.569
Empathy
Factor
57.267
1.305
43.898
10.197
0.001
0.267
Factor*Group
203.489
1.305
155.985
36.235
0.001
0.564
Group
266.944
1
266.944
7.201
0.012
0.205
Discussion
The findings demonstrated that the emotion recognition intervention was effective in improving the emotional self-regulation skills of students diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). This effect can be explained by the fact that one of the objectives of the emotion recognition intervention program is to concentrate on the underlying processes and unpleasant thoughts and feelings by correctly identifying and expressing internal emotional experiences, thereby helping individuals to tolerate their emotions. This intervention assists in helping individuals identify and label their emotions, associate them with specific needs and actions, and ultimately, regulate their emotional responses in order to activate healthy emotions through relabeling.
The positive impact of the emotion recognition intervention on the empathy skills of students with ODD can be attributed to the fact that a person's awareness and expression of emotions directly affect their ability to respond appropriately to both their own and others' negative emotions. The more proficient an individual is at recognizing, accepting, and employing appropriate strategies to manage their emotions, the better equipped they are to provide a suitable response in situations involving negative emotions and help themselves and others regulate their emotional state.
Conclusion
The findings of this research demonstrate that the emotion recognition intervention is a successful, cost-effective, and practical method for improving the emotional self-regulation and empathy skills of children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). As such, it is recommended that relevant organizations and centers consider implementing this program as a means to promote emotional empowerment and enhance the empathy levels of children with ODD.
Acknowledgments
The researchers would like to express their profound gratitude to all the participants who willingly took part in this study and all those who assisted in its execution. The research team is genuinely appreciative of their contribution and cooperation.
HAMIDEH ADAVI; ezatollah ghadampour; Mohammad Abasi
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of teaching based on the reading motivation model and teaching phono-graphix method on executive functions and reading performance in students with reading difficulties. The method of the current research was a semi-experimental type of pre-test ...
Read More
The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of teaching based on the reading motivation model and teaching phono-graphix method on executive functions and reading performance in students with reading difficulties. The method of the current research was a semi-experimental type of pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population included all students (boys and girls) in the fourth and fifth grades of elementary school with reading problems in the city of Aligudarz who were studying in the academic year 2018-2019, and among them, 45 people (30 the experimental group and 15 people of the control group) were selected randomly as the sample size. The tools used in the research included the executive functions of Coolidge et al. (2002) and the reading and dyslexia test (NAMA) by Korminuri and Moradi (2004). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (univariate covariance analysis). The results of the research showed that there is no significant difference between the educational packages used in the research on the variables (F:0/57, P:0/45). Therefore, based on the findings of this research, the use of both intervention methods is effective for students with reading difficulties.Keywords: Reading Motivation Model, Phono-Graphix Method, Executive Functions, Reading Performance, Reading Difficulties. Extended AbstractIntroductionLearning disabilities are intimately associated with the realms of psychology and psychology theory. A distinct learning disability can both precipitate difficulties in acquiring specific academic skills and be intricately interconnected with other developmental disorders, such as Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Compton et al., 2020). It is observed that children afflicted with learning disorders, while appearing outwardly normal and possessing standard intelligence, account for a significant portion of the population, with prevalence rates estimated at 2 to 10 percent, as stipulated in the Revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Notably, boys exhibit a disproportionate representation, with the gender ratio being approximately 3:1. The identification of such children typically does not occur in preschool years, and it is only when they enter school, particularly during their first and second years, that their challenges in reading, writing, and comprehending mathematics become evident (American Psychiatric Association, 2022).Dyslexia represents the most common and significant learning impairment among children, as defined by the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The definition of reading disorder, according to this source, is as follows: a condition characterized by reading development that is markedly deficient in comparison to age, education, and estimated cognitive ability (Yahyazadeh and Hossein Khanzadeh, 2014). Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that impairs a child's reading ability and fundamental language processing skills (Grigorenko & Wagner, 2000). These children require substantial support from both their parents and teachers during the learning process (Rosemari et al., 2020).Literature ReviewA burgeoning body of research evidence indicates a correlation between individuals with learning disabilities and underperforming in numerous aspects of executive functions (Narimani et al., 2016; Deng et al., 2021). The conceptualization of executive functions, deeply rooted in cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience, pertains to a set of top-down cognitive control processes that regulate conduct, thoughts, and emotions (Stromback et al., 2020).A notable issue associated with executive functions weakness concerns a person's lackluster performance in reading abilities. In essence, poor competence in reading skills manifests (Dehghan et al., 2016). Reading is both a receptive and decoding skillset wherein the reader accurately articulates the author's message. According to the perspective of the National Reading Board, reading extends beyond just correct word pronunciation, encompassing five core areas: awareness of phonetics, auditory discrimination and syllabic composition of words, comprehending written content, acquiring vocabulary, and grasping the context (August et al., 2009; Gough & Tunmer, 2016). This study aims to comparatively evaluate the efficacy of two instructional approaches, namely teaching grounded in the reading motivation model and phono-graphix method instruction, on executive functions and reading performance among students experiencing reading difficulties.MethodologyThe chosen research design entailed a semi-experimental setup, incorporating a pre-test and follow-up assessment using a control group. The statistical population comprised every student (boys and girls) in grades four and five of elementary school who encountered reading challenges in the city of Aligudarz during the academic year 2018-2019. Among the participants in this study, a total of 45 individuals were randomly selected, equally divided among three groups: the experimental group receiving instruction based on the reading motivation model, the experimental group taught utilizing the phono-graphix method, and the control group.Instruments UsedThis study employed the "Checklist of Dyslexia Symptoms," a screening tool developed by Bazrafshan (2016), to identify students exhibiting signs of dyslexia. The "Executive Functions Questionnaire" developed by Coolidge, Thede, Stewart, and Segal (2002) was utilized to measure executive functions among this study's participants, specifically children and adolescents aged between 5 and 17 years old. The Reading and Dyslexia Test, developed by Karaminuri and Moradi (2014), was administered to assess participants' reading abilities and aid in the diagnosis of dyslexia within this study.The selected participants were divided into two distinct groups; one group underwent 9 sessions (2 sessions per week, each lasting 45 minutes) for a duration of a month and a half, training with instructional methods grounded in the reading motivation model. The other group endured 12 sessions (2 sessions per week, each lasting 45 minutes), for a month and a half, learning through the phono-graphix instructional technique. Following the conclusion of the instructional program, a follow-up examination was conducted for both the experimental and control groups and the resulting data was scrutinized using univariate and multivariate ANCOVA analysis employing the SPSS24 statistical software.ResultsTable 3. The results of MANKOVA on the average scores of executive functions and reading performanceStatistical powerEffect sizesignificant levelDFF-ratiovalueindex10.330.00126.370.33Pillai Trace10.330.00126.370.67Wilks' Lambda10.330.00126.370.50Hoteling’s Trace 1 0.33 0.001 2 6.37 0.50Roy’s LargestTo ascertain whether the independent variable exerted an impact on the dependent variables, the Wilkes lambda results were consulted, revealing that the F value (F = 6.37, p < 0.001) confirms the presence of significant differences in the average scores of at least one of the executive functions and reading performance variables among the examined instructional approaches. The subsequent evaluation was executed using Univariate Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to establish the disparities between the contrasted instructional packages in the follow-up stage. The resulting data are exhibited in Table 4.Table 4. The results of ANCOVA analysis test on the average post-test scores of executive functions and reading performance.EtaSignificance levelFMSEDFSstVariation sourceVariable0.064 - 0.450.5730.817130.817Between-group AnalysisExecutive Functions- -53.858583123.767In-group 0.06 -0.630.2440.01140.01Between-group AnalysisReading Performance--167.94589740.83In-group Upon analyzing the results of the Univariate Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), no substantial difference was identified between the instructional packages employed within this study concerning the measured variables. As such, the utilization of follow-up tests is not considered feasible or appropriate.DiscussionThe primary aim of this study was to assess and compare the impact of teaching based on the reading motivation model and the phono-graphix method on executive functions and reading performance in students exhibiting reading challenges. The outcomes of the Univariate Variance Analysis indicated that there was no significant variation in the effectiveness of both instructional interventions on the executive functions. Given that the executive function is a significant cognitive and metacognitive capacity (Alizadeh, 2015), teaching students the combined intervention of the cognitive and metacognitive skills model, and implementing these strategies, can successfully enhance the executive functions of students grappling with reading difficulties.Another aspect to consider is the inherent match between the phono-graphix method and the innate learning abilities of children. By incorporating engaging educational activities, children become more involved in the learning process. Through a self-discovery process of sound placement within words and the subsequent formation of words, children find the experience enjoyable, resulting in increased ease and success in learning. This ultimately leads to improved executive function abilities in children.Furthermore, the research findings revealed no substantial difference between the two educational interventions in terms of reading performance. This may be explained by the fact that students with learning disabilities are less proficient in utilizing learning strategies, in comparison to their non-disabled peers. Various other studies have corroborated the notion that teaching self-regulation strategies enhances students' reading abilities.ConclusionIt is noteworthy that this study holds the distinction of being the first in the country to comparatively examine the efficacy of two teaching methodologies grounded in the reading motivation model and the phono-graphix method on the executive functions and reading performance in students confronted with reading difficulties. A significant limitation of the current study pertained to the limited time and location parameters, which affected the follow-up assessment. It is proposed that future supplementation of this research should incorporate a follow-up test. Additionally, a recommendation is made to undertake a comparative analysis of the efficacy of these two methodologies in future research, on students with reading issues in diverse settings. The majority of investigations have focused on dyslexia and it appears there's been inadequate attention paid to children who experience learning challenges in reading yet haven't been diagnosed as dyslexic. Therefore, it is imperative to prioritize reading difficulties among primary school students. It is suggested to arrange workshops for teachers, targeting recognition of students with reading problems, and teach them techniques to apply these interventions effectively to enhance students' reading difficulties.
Fateme Nourkojouri; narges pourtaleb; Elnaz MusaNejad
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to establish the efficacy of play therapy grounded in executive functions in addressing the attention deficit and impulsivity observed in students diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This experiment was conducted in a quasi-experimental manner, ...
Read More
The primary objective of this study was to establish the efficacy of play therapy grounded in executive functions in addressing the attention deficit and impulsivity observed in students diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This experiment was conducted in a quasi-experimental manner, involving a pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population in this study encompassed all male students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), aged between 8 to 10 years old within Tabriz City, during the academic year 2022-2023. The statistical sample consisted of 30 students diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, identified by consultation with the school counselor and assessment using the CSI-4 scale. A convenience sampling method was employed to select the participants, and they were subsequently divided randomly into two groups: experimental and control. Both groups were evaluated using the software versions of the Stroop and Go-No go tests, in phases of pre-test and post-test. The experimental group engaged in group play therapy grounded in executive functions for a total of 10 sessions, each session lasting 60 minutes, held once a week. The data obtained from the study was subjected to multivariate analysis of covariance for further analysis. The significance level was set at 0.05 in all tests. The results indicated that a significant difference was observed between the experimental and control groups in the attention deficit variable, while no significant difference was found in the impulsivity variable. Based on the outcomes generated through this research, play therapy grounded in executive functions, coupled with targeted interventions focusing on bolstering executive functions, can enhance children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder's attention deficit issues significantly.Keywords: Play Therapy based on Executive Functions, Impulsivity, Executive Functions, Attention Deficit, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Extended Abstract IntroductionAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder under the section for Neurodevelopmental Disorders in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Neurodevelopmental disorders are disorders that manifest during the developmental stages—the period of time that begins at conception at birth and extends till the child reaches adulthood—and are primarily rooted in neurological factors. These disorders are identified before a child begins attending school and are marked by developmental impairments that disrupt personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning (Tobin & House, 2020). Children diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) encounter difficulties in concentrating on tasks and following instructions. They often find it challenging to maintain focus on tasks, especially those they deem less engaging (Schroeder & Gordon, 2021). Additionally, they may experience problems with tasks that require executive functions, including planning, organization, time management, and self-regulation, as well as tasks involving working memory, sustained attention, or switching between various tasks.Attention is the critical and foundational function of the brain, involving the capacity to pick and process important information, while sustaining and manipulating it throughout the entire processing phase. Attention deficit refers to the inability to maintain focus and consistently complete tasks, particularly those deemed boring, monotonous, or extensive (Schroeder & Gordon, 2021). Barkley asserts that the lack of attention exhibited by these children can be attributed to issues with the interaction between inhibition and executive functions. Inhibition, also known as impulse control, is a key element of executive functions that regulates behavior through internally perceived information, including mental imaging, internal speech, and self-motivation (Yavari et al., 2020).If children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are not diagnosed and treated promptly, the consequences can be severe, resulting in teenagers and adults experiencing job failures, displays of aggression, challenges in interpersonal relationships, and other psychological disorders such as substance abuse, alcohol abuse, depression, and anxiety (Biderman & Spenser, 2005; Yahyavi Zanjani et al., 2021). One of the suggested therapeutic approaches for children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is play therapy (Samadi, 2019). Play therapy provides a valuable opportunity to create an environment that allows children to acquire appropriate experiences with the assistance of a therapist, thereby reinforcing pre-social, behavioral, and emotional skills. Within the context of the play environment and under the guidance of experts, children, who may struggle to learn these skills in other settings, have an opportunity to easily grasp them through play (Shahi et al., 2020). Literature ReviewResearch findings suggest that games focused on attention concentration can help improve attention span and reduce impulsivity in students diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Yahyavi Zanjani et al., 2020). Additionally, a separate study explored the effects of play therapy grounded in executive functions on enhancing the executive functions of children with ADHD. Research has indicated that interventions designed to enhance the executive functions of children with ADHD can lead to improved selective attention, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility (Shahi et al., 2020). Moreover, studies on the training of executive functions in preschool children diagnosed with ADHD have shown reductions in symptoms of inattention and impulsivity (Shuai et al., 2021). In addition, research has discovered that sports interventions have a positive impact on the executive functions of both children and adolescents with ADHD (Liang et al., 2021). MethodologyThis study utilized a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test framework and a control group. The statistical population in this research included all male students aged 8 to 10 years old who had Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) within Tabriz during Academic Year 1402-1401. The study's sample consisted of 30 students diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder selected through convenience sampling, with permission from the Tabriz City Education Authorities and in consultation with the primary schools of boys. The inclusion criteria for sample selection were as follows: a diagnosis of ADHD, male gender, age between 8 and 10 years, average IQ, a lack of current medication use, and no participation in other treatments connected to ADHD.The exclusion criteria for participating in this study encompassed the absence from more than two sessions and the presence of any comorbid disorders, including anxiety, depression, or other mental health conditions. The Raven's Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test was administered to each participant to determine their level of intelligence. Both groups underwent two rounds of assessment: a pre-test and a post-test. The software versions of the word-color Stroop test and the forward digit span test were utilized for evaluation. Following the pre-test, the experimental group embarked on 10 sessions of play therapy aimed at enhancing executive functions, spaced over a period of two and half months (one session a week, with each session lasting 60 minutes). The control group did not receive any intervention. ResultThe statistical evaluation of the data was executed in two steps: using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics. Table 1 presents the descriptive data regarding the variables of attention deficit and impulsivity, segregated by group and test.Table 1. Descriptive data of attention deficit and impulsivity variables according to experimental & Control groupsVariableComponentsGroupPre-testPost-testMSMSAttention DeficitConsonant reaction timeExperimentalControl43/4342/551/231/271/181/3122/6226/28Anomalous reaction timeExperimentalControl37/3443/221/261/291/231/3831/1542/62Consonant errorExperimentalControl1/061/460/130/481/331/060/300/28Inconsistent errorExperimentalControl3/934/401/192/041/3311/060/252/98Correct consonantExperimentalControl43/4043/361/140/6845/5343/730/320/62Incongruent correctExperimentalControl39/0630/062/402/6344/0628/530/673/71Interference scoreExperimentalControl4/334/601/582/611/4615/200/543/72Interference timeExperimentalControl20/7317/0012/9217/9142/4071/2614/1433/02Percentage rendering errorExperimentalControl34/6035/534/413/6026/3335/8013/2114/05Impulsiveness ExperimentalControl23/5317/205/883/8015/0019/864/473/96ExperimentalControl48/6652/334/934/2763/1350/264/814/66ExperimentalControl26/5931/683/484/0926/5937/863/484/02To evaluate the efficacy of play therapy on executive functions linked to attention deficit and impulsivity, multivariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was implemented, complemented by one-way ANOVA to contrast the difference between the groups. Furthermore, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was conducted to confirm the distribution of the studied variables across the groups, which validated the normality assumption for ANCOVA analysis.The Z values calculated at the significance level (P < 0.05) were not significant. To assess the equality of error variance of the post-test variables between the experimental and control groups, Levene's test was utilized. The F value calculated for the variables was not significant, thus confirming this assumption as well. Consequently, the Pillai's trace statistic was reported as a multivariate index, with the results presented in Table 2.Table 2. Descriptive data of attention deficit and impulsivity variables according to test groupsVariableSourcesPillai's TracefdfSigEffect sizeAttention DeficitGroup0/6193/7860/0190/619Time*group0/9862/43120/0240/493Impulsivenessgroup0/1720/9840/4380/172Time*group0/3891/2080/3190/195 The findings from the multivariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed a significant difference in the attention deficit variable between the experimental and control groups (effect size = 0.493, P < 0.001), indicating that play therapy grounded in executive functions was efficient in enhancing the attention deficits of the experimental group. Conversely, the impulsivity variable showed no significant difference between the two groups, with an effect size of 0.195 (P < 0.001). DiscussionThe main aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of play therapy, anchored in executive functions, on attention deficits and impulsivity in individuals diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The results unequivocally established that play therapy centered on executive functions significantly enhances attention deficits in this particular group of students. Additionally, this study's findings are in line with the outcomes of prior research. When discussing the effectiveness of play therapy on executive functions and its influence on improving attention deficits in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), the hyperarousal hypothesis takes on significant relevance. According to this hypothesis, the indicators of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) stem from inadequate stimulation of the brain by environmental stimuli, resulting in a state of reduced arousal in affected individuals. As a result, the ability to pay selective attention is also compromised, causing affected individuals to give equal attention to both significant and irrelevant stimuli. This implies that individuals with ADHD find it challenging to distinguish essential stimuli from insignificant environmental cues, such as the sound of a closing door, and react to both with equal attention (Yadollahi & Mehrparvar, 2019).It is worth noting that this treatment did not yield significant improvements in the impulsivity of students diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The outcomes related to the impulsivity variable diverged from those of previous research studies. Given that impulsivity, impulse control, and response inhibition are significant issues in children diagnosed with ADHD, addressing these concerns necessitates more than mere targeted exercises. Effective management of impulsivity in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) necessitates a comprehensive approach that involves behavioral training for both parents and teachers. It becomes apparent that undertaking these tasks independently is inadequate in reducing symptoms of impulsivity in these children, and collaboration between families and schools is crucial in the treatment process. Equipping parents with behavioral management strategies and empowering them to control environmental stimuli can facilitate the development of inhibition and self-control behaviors in these children. ConclusionBased on the research outcomes, it can be posited that play therapy, grounded in executive functions and utilizing targeted techniques and methodologies, may efficaciously assuage the symptoms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This approach may potentially ameliorate impulsivity and augment impulse control in students diagnosed with ADHD, consequently ameliorating their interpersonal and academic relationships. Given the considerable impact that children and students hold within their families and society, it becomes imperative to address this disorder for optimal future personal, academic, and social development. Consequently, it is suggested that this therapeutic approach be introduced in both private and public psychology clinics. The findings of this study have the capability to significantly benefit not only parents, but also child psychotherapists and teachers. It can be construed as a significant stride towards augmenting the cognitive and behavioral skills of children diagnosed with ADHD, facilitating healthier psychological well-being both for the children and their families, and ultimately working towards forestalling potential future obstacles for these individuals.AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to extend their profound appreciation to the participants in this research, encompassing the managers, teachers, and parents of students in the city of Tabriz, for their invaluable collaboration in the implementation of this study.
Sharmin Esmaeili Anvar; Reza Ghorban Jahromi; Amin Rafiepoor; Mehrdad Sabet
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the training package enhancement lateral domination over the components of executive functions including: initiation, working memory, planning, organizing and monitoring and visual perception components including: Visual-spatial relationship, ...
Read More
AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the training package enhancement lateral domination over the components of executive functions including: initiation, working memory, planning, organizing and monitoring and visual perception components including: Visual-spatial relationship, visual form-constancy, visual sequential-memory and visual figure-ground of children with specific learning disabilities. The method of the present study was experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. From elementary school children from 7 to 12 years old who were diagnosed with specific learning disabilities in psychology clinics in Tehran in 2020, 30 people were randomly selected and then randomly replaced in two groups of 15 experimental and control. The Edinburgh inventory and Delacato Neurodevelopmental Scale, TVPS-R Visual Perception Test and Brief’s Behavioral Rating Scale of Executive Functions were used to collect data. The results of the analysis of covariance showed that the training package had an effect on executive functions (p <0.01 and F = 8.47) and visual perception (F=10.20 and P<0/01) in children with specific learning disabilities in the experimental group.Keywords: Specific Learning Disabilities, Lateral Dominance, Executive Functions, Visual Perception, Children. Extended Abstract IntroductionChildren with Specific Learning Disorder exhibit symptoms that include problems with understanding or using language (spoken or written) that manifest as difficulties in reading, writing, spelling, or performing mathematical calculations. These difficulties are not due to intellectual disabilities, uncorrected sensory problems (such as poor vision or hearing), inadequate educational instruction, or any cultural or economic disadvantage. Instead, they are intrinsic to the individual and are believed to be due to neurological dysfunction in the brain.Specific Learning Disorder can have significant impacts on a child's education and daily life, affecting academic achievement and activities that require reading, writing, or arithmetic skills. Additionally, it can impact job performance and daily activities in adults if not adequately addressed during childhood.The importance of executive functions in academic and daily life activities is well understood in the psychological and educational sciences.Given the profound impact of executive functions on children with Specific Learning Disorders, this study aims to explore the effectiveness of a training package designed to improve these functions. By focusing on enhancing lateral dominance, which is hypothesized to be linked to improvements in executive functions and visual perception, the study seeks to provide empirical evidence supporting specific intervention strategies that could benefit children diagnosed with Specific Learning Disorders. LiteratureAccording to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), Specific Learning Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a biological origin that manifests itself during the years of formal schooling. It is primarily characterized by persistent difficulties in learning and using academic skills, which are not consistent with the individual's chronological age or the opportunities for learning provided. These difficulties are evident in three main areas: reading, writing, and arithmetic, often referred to collectively as 'the three Rs' (reading, writing, and arithmetic).Executive Functions include processes such as planning, organization, strategic thinking, attention to detail, and memory management, which are essential for learning and adapting behaviors. A deficit in these areas can severely affect an individual's ability to function effectively in educational, social, and work environments. MethodologyThe study employed an experimental design with a pretest-posttest setup and a control group. The participants were 30 elementary school children between the ages of 7 and 12 who were diagnosed with specific learning disabilities at psychology clinics in Tehran in the year 2020. These children were randomly divided into two groups: 15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group.Entry Criteria:Enrolled in elementary school.Diagnosed with specific learning disabilities.No significant neurological or physical health issues aside from specific learning disabilities.Exit Criteria:Withdrawal of consent by the children or their parents.Non-compliance with the training protocols.Instruments Used:Edinburgh Handedness Inventory - Used to assess the preferred hand dominance of the participants.Delacato's Neurodevelopmental Scale - Employed to evaluate sensory integration and neurodevelopmental status.Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (TVPS-R) - A tool to measure visual-perceptual strengths and weaknesses.Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) - Used to assess the executive functions of the children, which include behavior regulation, emotion control, and task completion.Procedure: The study was conducted over a period of three months. The experimental group underwent a specific training program aimed at enhancing lateral dominance, hypothesized to improve executive functions and visual perception. The control group did not receive any specific intervention but continued with their regular school curriculum. Pretests and posttests using the above instruments were administered to both groups to measure any changes in executive functions and visual perception abilities.Data Analysis: Data were analyzed using ANOVA to compare the pretest and posttest results between the experimental and control groups. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. ResultsThe analysis of covariance showed significant improvements in both executive functions and visual perception among children in the experimental group compared to the control group. The findings are as follows:Executive Functions: There was a significant increase in the scores for executive functions in the experimental group (p < 0.01, F = 8.47), suggesting that the training package effectively enhanced these cognitive abilities.Visual Perception: Similarly, visual perception scores improved significantly in the experimental group (F = 10.20, p < 0.01). This indicates that the training not only affected cognitive processes related to planning and execution but also improved the children's ability to interpret visual information.These results confirm the hypothesis that enhancing lateral dominance through specific training can positively impact cognitive abilities that are crucial for academic success in children with specific learning disabilities. DiscussionThe results of this study provide strong support for the effectiveness of the training package aimed at enhancing lateral dominance in improving executive functions and visual perception in children with specific learning disabilities. The significant improvements observed in these areas suggest that targeted interventions can have a marked impact on the cognitive abilities that underpin academic performance and daily functioning.Executive Functions: The improvement in executive functions is particularly notable because these functions are critical for managing thoughts, emotions, and actions. These skills are essential for academic success, as they involve planning, organizing, and prioritizing tasks, which are often challenging for children with learning disabilities. The training seems to have enhanced the brain's executive control systems, likely by strengthening neural pathways that support cognitive processing.Visual Perception: The enhancement in visual perception skills indicates that the training may have facilitated better integration of visual information processing. This is crucial for tasks such as reading and mathematical reasoning, where visual layout and spatial understanding play significant roles. Improved visual perception can lead to better academic performance and more effective interaction with the environment.Theoretical Implications: These findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of how interventions targeting physical and cognitive processes can ameliorate specific cognitive deficits associated with learning disabilities. They support the notion that improving lateral dominance can have broad cognitive benefits, possibly by enhancing the integration of sensory information and executive processing.Practical Implications: Practically, this study offers a feasible approach for educational and clinical settings to implement interventions that can improve critical cognitive functions in children with learning disabilities. Schools and therapists might consider incorporating similar training programs into their standard practices to aid children with specific learning disabilities.Limitations and Future Research: Despite the promising findings, the study has limitations that should be addressed in future research. The sample size was relatively small, and the study was confined to a specific geographic area, which may limit the generalizability of the results. Future studies could expand the sample size and include participants from diverse backgrounds to enhance the robustness and applicability of the findings. ConclusionThe study confirms the effectiveness of a specialized training package designed to enhance lateral dominance in improving the executive functions and visual perception of children with specific learning disabilities. The significant improvements noted in these cognitive areas underscore the potential of tailored interventions to not only enhance the academic performance of these children but also improve their overall daily functioning.The intervention focused on developing lateral dominance, which appears to have a substantial impact on both executive functions and visual perception abilities. These capabilities are crucial for success in educational settings and for managing everyday tasks efficiently. By strengthening these cognitive skills, the training helped participants become more adept at navigating challenges that arise due to their learning disabilities.In summary, this study illustrates the value of integrating specific neurodevelopmental approaches into educational strategies for children with learning disabilities. It highlights the importance of targeted cognitive training that addresses specific deficits to optimize learning outcomes. Future research should continue to explore and expand on these findings with larger sample sizes and diverse populations to fully understand the broader applicability and long-term benefits of such interventions.
Maryam Vismeh; Mahnaz Esteki; Navid Mirzakhani
Abstract
Abstract
Dyslexia is the most prevalent type of learning disorder, accounting for approximately 80% of all learning disabilities. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of computer games-based executive function enhancement compared to sensory integration intensification. The research was ...
Read More
Abstract
Dyslexia is the most prevalent type of learning disorder, accounting for approximately 80% of all learning disabilities. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of computer games-based executive function enhancement compared to sensory integration intensification. The research was conducted using an experimental design with a pre-test, post-test, control group, and follow-up stage. The study's statistical population included all elementary school students with learning disabilities in districts 2 and 5 of Tehran in January and February 2021. Thirty dyslexic students aged between 8 and 11 years, who met the inclusion criteria, were homogenized based on age, gender, and intelligence. They were then randomly divided into three groups of ten. Participants in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages were evaluated using various tests such as WISC-4, dyslexia, n-back, and Sensory Profile 2. After four months, a follow-up stage was carried out. The first group received a computer-based executive function intervention, while the second group received a sensory-motor integration intervention for 20 sessions of 30 minutes. At the end of the study, the interventions were performed on the control group. Data were analyzed using two-factor analysis of variance. The results showed that there were significant differences between the three groups in both post-test and follow-up stages of dyslexia symptoms (p <.001). Both interventions were effective in reducing dyslexia symptoms, although sensory integration exercises had a more lasting effect on this disorder's symptoms. Finally, paying attention to sensory processing patterns and therapeutic strategies in diagnosing and educating dyslexic students could lead to effective results.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The term "dyslexia" refers to a reading disability characterized by difficulties with accurate and fluent word recognition, reading speed or fluency, decoding and spelling abilities, and poor reading comprehension (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). There is a close relationship between the ability to read and executive functions. Executive functions are a set of skills such as decision-making, planning, inhibition, and organization, requiring high-order cognitive abilities such as attention, working memory, language, perception, and creative thinking (Hoskyn, Iarocci, Young, 2017). Computer-based executive functions training is one the new treatments that has an interdisciplinary nature, and through cognitive training, it tries to improve the brain plasticity and provides lasting improvements (O'Connel, Bellgrove, Robertson, 2007, quoted in Khanzadeh, Latif Zanjani and Taher, 2017).
The concepts of sensory integration theory come from human development, psychological neuroscience, and occupational therapy. Its purpose is to correct students' problems using a combination of sensory dimensions in the educational process. According to Ayres' theory, a sensory integration disorder is the primary cause of learning failures, and overcoming this disorder can facilitate learning (Mirzakhani, Shahbazi, and Alizadeh, 2108). Correct and timely diagnosis and implementation of educational and rehabilitative interventions are crucial to overcome this disorder. No studies have demonstrated the effect of sensory integration and executive functions on students with dyslexia, making it an important topic for research. To fill this gap, this study was conducted to examine the impact of sensory integration and executive functions on students with dyslexia.
Literature Review
According to past studies, students with dyslexia have been shown to be deficient in executive functions (Akyürek & Bumin, 2019; Fisher et al., 2019). Computer-based strategies are a rehabilitation treatment for students with learning disabilities that aim to improve their working memory, executive functions, and reading performance, as noted in the study by Ranjbar et al. (2018). Peters et al. (2021) investigated the impact of video game training on text reading accuracy in students with dyslexia. The findings indicated that visual attention can have a significant impact on reading performance. Sensory-motor integration exercises are a rehabilitation strategy that can help students with learning disabilities. According to the study by Sadati Firouzabadi and Abbasi (2017), sensory-motor integration can alleviate reading problems in students with learning disabilities.
Methodology
This study is an experimental design with a pre-test, a post-test, and a follow-up phase. The population consists of all students with learning disabilities in the elementary school in the 2nd and 5th districts of Tehran during the 2019-2020 school year. In this study, 30 students aged 8-11 with dyslexia who met the inclusion criteria were selected randomly by convenient sampling. After sampling, participants were homogenized in terms of variables such as age, gender, and intelligence. They were then randomly divided into three groups of 10 people. Participants were evaluated in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition, Dyslexia Screening Test, n-back paradigm, and Sensory Profile. After 4 months, the follow-up phase was implemented. Randomly, the first group received computer-based executive function training for 20 30-minute sessions, and the second experimental group received a sensory-motor integration intervention for the same period. After the research was completed, the control group received the intervention.
Conclution
The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two interventions, computer-based executive functions training and sensory integration, on students with dyslexia. The results indicated that both interventions were beneficial but sensory integration intervention had a more long-lasting effect. Previous research has shown that computer-based executive functions training and visual skills-based computer games can improve dyslexia symptoms, as reported in previous studies by Pourfarehmand and Taher (2019) in terms of visual-auditory perception and reading speed, and García-Redondo et al. (2019) regarding attention. Additionally, cognitive training through computer games aims to teach cognitive functions by focusing on neurobiological processes and structural changes in brain neurons related to executive functions. Visual skills-based computer games foster brain plasticity, leading to improved learning.
The theoretical basis offers an explanation for the effects of sensory integration intervention on dyslexia symptoms based on brain plasticity mechanisms. Brain plasticity indicates that learning is what the human brain does best. Learning changes the brain because it can respond to any new behavior, experience, or stimulation. By understanding how the brain learns, we can optimize educational resources. The effects of sensory integration on dyslexia symptoms may be attributed to brain plasticity and flexibility. The intervention is designed based on unique sensory patterns, providing an attractive and creative learning environment that helps students respond to the demands of their daily lives, as reported in previous studies by Alizadeh Zarei and Maleki (2016).
However, limitations of this study include the small sample size, geographical region, and sample loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research should be conducted in other groups and regions in students with other learning disorders such as dyscalculia and dysgraphia. Additionally, educational workshops should be held for counselors, psychologists, and teachers to learn how to use these interventions. Elementary school teachers should focus on antecedents of reading such as strengthening executive functions and sensory-motor integration exercises.
Keywords: Special Learning Disorder, Computer Games, Executive Functions, Dyslexia, Sensory Integration.
karim abdolmohamadi; farhad ghadiri
Abstract
Abstract
Depression is a mood disorder that results in persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest. The purpose of this study was to compare the executive functions and sluggish cognitive tempo of individuals with depressive disorder to those who are normal. The present study utilized a descriptive ...
Read More
Abstract
Depression is a mood disorder that results in persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest. The purpose of this study was to compare the executive functions and sluggish cognitive tempo of individuals with depressive disorder to those who are normal. The present study utilized a descriptive causal-comparative method. The statistical population consisted of clients with depression disorder who visited Health Centers in Tabriz city. A total of 100 participants were selected to take part in the research. The executive skills questionnaire (Strait et al., 2019), Sluggish Cognitive Tempo questionnaire (Beker et al., 2017), and the depression screening questionnaire (PHQ-9) were used to collect data. The results of the multivariate analysis of variance indicated that individuals with depression exhibited weaker performance in all components of executive functions (planning, time management, emotion regulation, organization, and behavior regulation) compared to the healthy group (p < 0.001). Additionally, the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo component was significantly higher in depressed individuals than in normal individuals (p < 0.001). Therefore, based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that individuals with depression experience serious deficiencies in executive functions and encounter more problems in the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo component than the healthy group.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Major depressive disorder is a widespread psychological disorder that affects public health worldwide (Vancappel et al, 2021). Studies have shown that depression is related to deficits in executive functions (Hawkey, 2017; Wagner et al, 2012), wich means people with major depressive disorder show more deficits in executive functions (LeMoult & Gotlib, 2019). Executive functions are a set of skills that enable individuals to plan and meet goals, self-regulate, and stay focused in face of distractions (Abdolmohammadi et al, 2019). Slow cognitive tempo is a relatively new clinical construct that refers to symptoms such as lethargy, daydreaming, sleepiness, mental confusion, and slow thinking and behavior (Becker, 2021; Bernad et al, 2016). However, research on Slow Cognitive Tempo (SCT) as a separate disorder from Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) has not been well-established for people with depressive disorder. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare levels of executive functions and Slow Cognitive Tempo between two groups: those with depressive disorder and those without.
Literature Review
Researches have reported that individuals with depression who have more deficits in their executive functions tend to experience more resistance in the treatment process (López-Sola et al, 2020), leading to more challenging treatment outcomes. While some studies have showed a link between executive functions and depression, others have produced conflicting results. For example, Nakano et al (2008) and Pardo et al (2006) both found no significant difference between the executive functions of depressed and non-depressed individuals. Despite this ambiguity, research has shown a strong connection between major depressive disorder and slow cognitive rhythm disorder (Bernad et al, 2016), leading to the hypothesis that cognitive tempo disorder may be a distinct clinical construct worth investigating, particularly in the context of depression. However, Burns et al (2013) suggested through their research that cognitive tempo disorder and major depressive disorder are two unrelated disorders that should be treated separately. Overall, while there is evidence supporting the relationship between executive functions and depression, more consistent and robust research is needed to understand the extent of this connection.
Methodology
The present study adopted a descriptive causal-comparative method. A total of 100 participants with depression disorder who were clients of the health centers in Tabriz city were selected. The Executive Skills Questionnaire, Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Questionnaire, and Depression Screening Questionnaire (PHQ-9), were used to collect data.
Results
The results obtained from univariate analysis of variance show two groups with depressive disorder and healthy in terms of sub-components of functions, with depressive disorder and healthy in terms of sub-components of implementation functions (planning, time management, emotion regulation, organization and regulation of behavior) as well as slow cognitive tempo are significantly different from each other. Supplementary investigations show that the healthy group has fewer executive function defects than the group with depressive disorder, and the problem of slow cognitive tempo is more common in the depressed group than in the healthy group.
Conclution
The study suggests that individuals with depressive disorder scored lower than healthy controls all most components of executive functions. Additionally, the results indicated that individuals with depressive disorder experienced a higher level of slow cognitive tempo compared to healthy controls.
Keywords: Depression, Executive Functions, Sluggish Cognitive Tempo.
Acknowledgments
We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all individuals who participated in this study, as well as the health care providers and staff of the health centers of Tabriz who lent us their invaluable aid and support in conducting this research.
fatemeh kargar; Amir Ghamarani; Ghasem Norouzi
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the antecedents and consequences of executive functions in adolescents with conduct Disorder in the form of a causal model. The research method was descriptive research and correlation design. The statistical population of the research included first secondary ...
Read More
The purpose of this research was to investigate the antecedents and consequences of executive functions in adolescents with conduct Disorder in the form of a causal model. The research method was descriptive research and correlation design. The statistical population of the research included first secondary school boys studying in Qom city in 2021. From this community, 451 people who were diagnosed with conduct disorder using the Children Symptom inventory (SCI-4) and were willing to cooperate were selected using Convenience Sampling. To collect data, the questionnaire of parenting style, executive functions and Callous–unemotional traits was used. Pearson's correlation coefficient and path analysis tests were used to analyze the data. The results of the correlation matrix showed that there was a significant correlation between the research variables at the level of P>0.01 and P>0.05. Further, the results of the path analysis indicated the significance of the mediating role of executive functions in the relationship between parenting methods and Callous–unemotional traits. In general, the executive functions and parenting methods are two of the main factors for investigating Callous–unemotional traits.
Asgar Alimohamadi; Karim Abdolmohamadi; Abolfazl Gadami
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the two-factor questionnaire of executive dysfunction among adolescents. The method of the research was descriptive and psychometric research. The statistical population of the research consisted of all the male students aged ...
Read More
The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the two-factor questionnaire of executive dysfunction among adolescents. The method of the research was descriptive and psychometric research. The statistical population of the research consisted of all the male students aged 12 to 18 years of East Azerbaijan province in the academic year of 1401-1401 in Iran. From this population, 1000 students were selected by multi-stage random sampling method, and their parents completed the two-factor questionnaire of adolescent executive dysfunction (TEXI) and also the behavior rating inventory of executive function, second edition. Finally, the questionnaire of 602 parents was analyzed. In order to check the reliability, the method of internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha, and the correlation coefficient between the questions and the total score were used, and to measure the validity, confirmatory factor analysis and criterion validity were used. The results of the research showed that the two-factor questionnaire of executive dysfunction has good reliability and validity. Also, the criterion validity of the questionnaire was confirmed (p<0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the present questionnaire is a suitable tool for evaluating executive dysfunction among adolescents.
abolfazl farid; Ramin Habibi-Kaleybar; bita moshtary e sahneh
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of play therapy and neurofeedback on the executive functions of female elementary school students with learning disorders. The research method was experimental with a clinical trial with a multi-group pretest and posttest design. The statistical ...
Read More
The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of play therapy and neurofeedback on the executive functions of female elementary school students with learning disorders. The research method was experimental with a clinical trial with a multi-group pretest and posttest design. The statistical population was all female elementary school students referred to the Center for Learning Disabilities in Maragheh city in the academic year of 1998-99, from which 30 students were selected by available sampling as a statistical sample. The sample is divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Selected students were randomly assigned to groups. The instrument used for data collection was Connors' (2004) neuropsychological test. Multivariate analysis of covariance and posthoc were used for data analysis. The research results showed that the executive functions of the experimental and control groups are significantly different from each other (P< 0.05). The LSD post hoc test indicated that play therapy and neurofeedback have a significant impact on executive functions. Also, play therapy intervention is more effective in improving the executive functions of elementary students with learning disorders than neurofeedback.
azam ghazi; mehdi sohrabi; Hamidreza Taheri torbati; Mahdi Ghahramani moghadam
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of Nintendo Wii-based motor and cognitive training on executive function of children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Statistical population of this research included boys with ADHD, aged 8-11. Years. 27 eligible participants were selected ...
Read More
This study was conducted to determine the effect of Nintendo Wii-based motor and cognitive training on executive function of children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Statistical population of this research included boys with ADHD, aged 8-11. Years. 27 eligible participants were selected from Avand development center and were randomly assigned and were randomly assigned to an experimental and control group. The experimental group participated in a selected gaming program for 24 sessions, 60 minutes per session. At the beginning of the study and after eight weeks of intervention, participants were assessed with Corsi-Block-Tapping test, GO/No-Go test and Tower of London (TOL) test. R Statistical software were used for data analysis. The resulting data were analyzed using ANCOVA and MANCOVA. The results showed that working memory and response inhibition in the experimental group were significantly improved in comparison to the control group, in assessing planning, there were significant differences between groups in TOL score that measured correct solved problems. But there were no differences in TOL scores that measure performance of planning time and planning speed (P >0.05).. These results suggest that Nintendo Wii game playing might be a simple and cost effective way for improving executive function of ADHD children.
Nasim Sivoshifar; Parisa Tajalli; Mohammadmahdi Sharyat Bagheri
Abstract
This study aims to compare the effect of Dovson-Guare program and Metacognitive processes education on executive functioning (attention, working memory, and behavioral inhibition) of students with dyslexia. Pre-test, Post-test, and control group were used for research method. A total of 45 primary students ...
Read More
This study aims to compare the effect of Dovson-Guare program and Metacognitive processes education on executive functioning (attention, working memory, and behavioral inhibition) of students with dyslexia. Pre-test, Post-test, and control group were used for research method. A total of 45 primary students with reading learning disorder participated in this program at first half of school year (2018-2019), which they were from Ardabil city. They were divided into two experimental (each of them have 15 participants) and one control (15 participants) groups. One of the experimental group received Dovson-Guare program at 1 hour education about 8 sessions and the other one received Metacognitive processes education at 60-70 seconds about 10 sessions. Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning questionnaire (BRIEF) was used for data collection. (Multivariate analysis of Covariance) (MANCOVA) and Benofreni test with SPSS20 were used for data analysis. The findings showed that both programs have significant differences on improvements of attention, working memory, and behavioral inhibition of students with reading learning disorder (p˃0.01). Moreover the results of Benofreni test showed that there is no significant effect between groups on each of the variables (attention, working memory, and behavioral inhibition) (p˃ 0.05). Therefore the results provided important allusions about educational and consulting services as some cures for students with dyslexia.
Negin Motamed Yeganeh; Gholam Ali Afrooz; Mohsen Shokoohi Yekta; Rachel Weber
Abstract
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood. These children are exposed to a lot of problems in the executive functions areas. The issue of neuroplasticity reveals the importance of neuropsychological interventions, since interruptions ...
Read More
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood. These children are exposed to a lot of problems in the executive functions areas. The issue of neuroplasticity reveals the importance of neuropsychological interventions, since interruptions in early childhood executive functions may lead to further functional impairment. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the designed intervention program on the Executive functions of children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest-follow up design with the control group. The statistical population of the present study included all the boys and girls students 7-10 years old in Tehran. Among eligible students, 40 individuals along with their mothers were selected using the non-random purposive sampling method and randomly divided into the two groups. The experimental group (N=20) were trained by twelve sessions of Metacognitive Executive Functioning intervention program and the control group (N=20) remained on the waiting list. Data were collected by Clinical interview checklist, the Tehran Stanford-Binet intelligence test and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions. The results indicated a significant effect of Family-based Neuropsychological program on increasing the Executive Functions of children with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (p<0.05). This treatment can be a potentially promising intervention for young children with ADHD.
yousef dehghani; sadegh hekmatiyan fard
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine effectiveness of executive functions training on attention and response inhibition in students with dyscalculia. This study was semi-experimental pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with control and experimental group. The statistical population consisted of 143 students ...
Read More
The aim of this study was to examine effectiveness of executive functions training on attention and response inhibition in students with dyscalculia. This study was semi-experimental pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with control and experimental group. The statistical population consisted of 143 students with dyscalculia who had been referred by the schools to the Center for Learning Disabilities of Boushehr province’s Department of Education in 2018-2019 school year. Of these, using convenience sampling and considering the requirements of the research project based on Malekpour Dyscalculia Diagnosis Test (1994), Wechsler Intelligence Scale of Children, the fifth Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-5), 40 students were selected and assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The omission error and commission error sub-scales of the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) (Rosvold, Mirsky, Sarason, Bransome & Beck, 1956) were utilized to evaluate attention and response inhibition performance, respectively. The experimental group received 11 sessions (60 minutes each) of group training. For statistical data analysis, variance analysis with repeated measures is used. Findings showed that executive functions training has a significant effect on attention and response inhibition and this effect remains unchanged in the two-month follow-up phase. Finally, we may conclude that executive functions training, as an effective and functional intervention, could be used to improve inhibition and attention performance of students with dyscalculia.
Mohmmad Ashori
Abstract
Hearing impairment affects all aspect of individual's life, while applying cognitive rehabilitation program based on memory has been associated with effective outcomes. Present study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation program based on memory on executive functions and ...
Read More
Hearing impairment affects all aspect of individual's life, while applying cognitive rehabilitation program based on memory has been associated with effective outcomes. Present study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation program based on memory on executive functions and cognitive emotion regulation in students with hearing impairment. The present research was a semi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test design and control group. The participants were 26 girl children with hearing impairment from schools in Isfahan city using convenient method. Subjects were divided into experimental and control groups, each group consisting of 13 children. The experimental group received 10 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation program, while the control group did not. The instruments were Nejati cognitive abilities questionnaire (2013) and Garnefski & Kraaij cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (2006). Data were analyzed by MANCOVA. The results showed that cognitive rehabilitation program had a significant effect on executive functions and cognitive emotion regulation of subjects. According to the findings, cognitive rehabilitation program based on memory improved executive functions and cognitive emotion regulation in students with hearing impairment. So, this program can be used to improve executive functions and cognitive emotion regulation of these students and planning for providing of cognitive rehabilitation program based on memory for them have particular importance.
mahdis maghsudloo; vahid nejati; jalil fathabadi
Abstract
Executive function deficits are common in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This research aims to assess effects of remedial rehabilitation on executive functions in preschool children with ADHD symptoms. In the current random clinical trial study pretest, posttest and follow-up ...
Read More
Executive function deficits are common in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This research aims to assess effects of remedial rehabilitation on executive functions in preschool children with ADHD symptoms. In the current random clinical trial study pretest, posttest and follow-up design with control group were used. Statistical society includes all preschool ADHD children who referred to counselling centers in Tehran between 2016 -2017. Assessments include ADHD symptom checklist-4 (Gadow & Sprafkin, 1998) and Behavioral rating of executive function-preschool (Gioia,epsy& squith, 2002) questionnaires. After initial assessment by ADHD questionnaire, Thirty two children, who significantly had symptoms, selected by accessible sampling and randomly divided in to experimental group (N=15) and control group (N=17). Intervention group received ARAM computerized cognitive rehabilitation program for 12 sessions in 20 minute, while control group received no treatment. Both groups examined in posttest and follow-up. Data analyzed by repeated measure variance analysis. Result showed remediation rehabilitation significantly improves executive function and ADHD symptoms. We can conclude the remedial rehabilitation by computerized tasks improved cognitive abilities and reduced ADHD symptoms in preschool children.
Majid Ebrahimpour; Zahra Izadi
Abstract
Present study aimed to determine efficacy of musical activities on executive functions students with educable intellectual disability. This study was a quasi-experimental method with pretest-posttest and a control group design. Statistical population included all students with educable intellectual disability ...
Read More
Present study aimed to determine efficacy of musical activities on executive functions students with educable intellectual disability. This study was a quasi-experimental method with pretest-posttest and a control group design. Statistical population included all students with educable intellectual disability 11-14 years of old from two exceptional schools in Karaj sity in the academic year 1395-96. 30 students were selected from the population through available sampling method and randomly allocated to either a control or experimental group (n=11). meantime the study, 4 students from experimental group and 4 from control group left the intervention(n=11). The experimental group participated at 24 group sessions of one hour musical activities 3-time per week for 8 weeks. The control group did not receive any intervention along with this period. All participants administered computerized Wisconcin Card Sorting Test (WCST), to assessing cognitive flexibility; Go/no Go Test, to assessing inhibitory control; and Digit Span Subtest of WISC-IV, to assessing working memory, befor and after the intervention. Results of data analyzing through Covariance analysis indicated that, there was no differences between post-test scores at the level of ?=0/05. This means that these musical activities program has had not a significant effect on improvement of experimental group functioning on administered executive functions tests.
somaye zarenezhad; Mohammed Hussain Soltani Kouh Banani; Kobra Abazari
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the reliability, reliability of the Barkley Executive(BDEFS.CA) Teaching and Performance Inventory (2012) in Mashhad. Method: This study is methodological and psychometric study, and uses IQOLA Standard Contracts to test and test Persian language. ...
Read More
Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the reliability, reliability of the Barkley Executive(BDEFS.CA) Teaching and Performance Inventory (2012) in Mashhad. Method: This study is methodological and psychometric study, and uses IQOLA Standard Contracts to test and test Persian language. . For this purpose, multistage cluster sampling method was used to select 1000 primary school students (6 to 17 years old) in Mashhad in the academic year of 96-97 and 979 students completed the questionnaire. , 63 of them were asked to participate in the test two weeks ago. The reliability of the test was determined using Cronbach's alpha, 0.90. The split coefficient, with the test, was used to calculate the correlation coefficient of this test with the Coolidge test (Zahedi and Alizadeh, 2004) in a sample of 200 people. Results: In the judgmental phase, we conducted several local field studies and non-standard pilot administrations. For the statistical phase, the provided materials. In validity analysis, strong correlations were found among the majority of the scores within the tests; correlations between various (BDEFS.CA) tests were in the range of weak to moderate; the adapted tests show acceptable psychometric properties in assessing the complex, multidimensional construct of executive functioning. For the whole scale of executive functions and sub-components of self-management, self-organizing / problem solving, self-control / inhibition, self-motivation and emotional self-regulation, alpha coefficients are equal to 0.91, 0.85, 0.82, 0.78 , 0.76 and 0.72. Conclusion: which have almost high coefficients and represent the sustainability of the scale of executive function
zahra nazari; kazem barzegar
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the self-regulated learning education on executive functions and reading performance of dyslexic students in fifth grade of Yazd. The study population included all fifth students in Yazd in academic year 2015 – 2016 that were dyslexia. The research method was ...
Read More
The aim of this study was to examine the self-regulated learning education on executive functions and reading performance of dyslexic students in fifth grade of Yazd. The study population included all fifth students in Yazd in academic year 2015 – 2016 that were dyslexia. The research method was experimental with pretest-posttest on two experimental and control groups. Sampling was done in two stages. 30 dyslexic students were diagnosed of being dyslexia by specialists of learning disability by use of sampling method were selected and divided into two experimental group (n = 15) and control one (n = 15). The research instrument for data collection was Coolidge neurological questionnaire and the checklist to diagnose dyslexia. Teaching self-regulated learning were conducted on experimental group during 14 sessions of 45 minute twice a week. Results of examining the hypothesis by use of analysis of covariance (significance level = 0/05) indicated that teaching self-regulated learning has effect on executive functions (planning, organizing and pregnancy) of dyslexic students and it has improved them. Self-regulated learning education can be used to improve executive functions of dyslexic students.
Roghayeh Asadi Gandomani; Farangis Kazemi; Ebrahim Pishyareh; Janet Hashemi Azar; Abbas Nesayan
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between executive function with sensory processing patterns in 7-12 year old children with autism, from the teachers' perspective. Methods: This study was a correlational design. After reviewing entry criteria, fifty 7 to 12 year old ...
Read More
Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between executive function with sensory processing patterns in 7-12 year old children with autism, from the teachers' perspective. Methods: This study was a correlational design. After reviewing entry criteria, fifty 7 to 12 year old children were selected using purposive sampling method. Dunn Sensory Profile (school component) was used to assess sensory processing patterns and Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functions was used to assess executive functions. For analyzing data, descriptive statistics (frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation) and Pearson correlation was used. Results: The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between the sensory processing patterns with executive functions in autistic children (P<0.01). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that we can use sensory processing interventions to improve executive functions in autism disorder.
Niloofar Mikaeili; Masoomeh Esmaeili
Abstract
This study is aim compared the theory of mind and executive function in students with learning disabilities and normal. The statistical population of this research included all of the students with learning disabilities and normal students in Ardabil were year 91-92 school in Ardabil city school are. ...
Read More
This study is aim compared the theory of mind and executive function in students with learning disabilities and normal. The statistical population of this research included all of the students with learning disabilities and normal students in Ardabil were year 91-92 school in Ardabil city school are. The sample consisted of 60 students (30 normal students and 30 students with learning disabilities) who were selected by random sampling. Students with learning disabilities selected and matched with students normal on the basis of age, gender and grade. false belief test, Trail making test, digit span are used for data collection. For the analysis of test data multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used. The results showed that among students with and without learning disabilities in primary and secondary levels, there were significant differences in theory of mind. (p<0/0001). The results showed that the students with learning disabilities and normal students, there were significant difference in executive functions. (P<0/05). In children with learning disabilities can be said to have a theory of mind skills are impaired. Compared with normal children, children with learning disabilities who have a weak executive functions standardized assessment tools and interventions should be designed according to their.
kambiz poushaneh; ali sharifi; negin Motamed-Yeganeh
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation intervention on executive function and working memory performance in children with math disorder. Sample comprised of 30 students with math disorder selected via convenience sampling from elementary ...
Read More
The present study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation intervention on executive function and working memory performance in children with math disorder. Sample comprised of 30 students with math disorder selected via convenience sampling from elementary schools of districts 1, 3 and 5 of Tehran. The students were randomly divided into two groups (15 students in the control group and 15 students in the experimental group). In the process of research 5 students of the control group and 3 students of the experimental group dropped out. Finally the sample size decreased to 12 students in the experimental group and 10 in the control group. The experimental group participated in a computerized cognitive intervention called Brain Ware Safari for twenty five 45-to-60-minute sessions held in six weeks. Iran Key Math Diagnostic Test and Raven intelligence test were used for the evaluation of math skills and intelligence of the sample. CNS Vital Sign (CNSVS) was used in pre-test and post-test for the evaluation of executive function and working memory of the experimental and control group. The data were analyzed using the univariate covariance tests. Results indicated that computerized cognitive training could improve the executive functioning and working memory of the experimental group.
Mokhtar Malekpour; Sara Aghababaei; Ahmad Abedi; Mojgan Shooshtari
Volume 3, Issue 9 , April 2013, , Pages 1-20
Abstract
The aim of this research is to investigate into the efficacy of working memory training on executive functions and academic performance of students with spelling learning disability. In this semi-experimental research, 30 3rd grade elementary female students with spelling learning disability are selected ...
Read More
The aim of this research is to investigate into the efficacy of working memory training on executive functions and academic performance of students with spelling learning disability. In this semi-experimental research, 30 3rd grade elementary female students with spelling learning disability are selected through multistage random sampling. These students are randomly assigned into two groups (one experimental group and one control group, each consisting of 15 students). The instruments used in the study are NEPSY test, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), Checklist for Identifying Students with Spelling Learning Disability, Clinical Interview and Spelling Academic Performance Test. The data was analyzed by Analysis of Covariance. The findings indicated that working memory training can improve executive functions and spelling performance of students. So in can be concluded that working memory training can be used as an intervention method in improvement of executive functions and spelling difficulty in students with spelling learning disability.
sakineh SoltaniKouhbanani; hamid alizadeh; Janet Hashemi; Gholamreza Sarami; Sajedeh SoltaniKouhbanani
Volume 3, Issue 11 , March 2013, , Pages 1-20
Abstract
The present research aims to study the effect ofcomputer-aided working memory training on executive functions and mathperformances in students with mathematics disorders. This was aquasi-experimental research. From among all the students in centers forlearning disorders, 20 female students with mathematics ...
Read More
The present research aims to study the effect ofcomputer-aided working memory training on executive functions and mathperformances in students with mathematics disorders. This was aquasi-experimental research. From among all the students in centers forlearning disorders, 20 female students with mathematics disorder studying atthe 3rd, 4th and 5th grades of elementaryschools in the educational year 2011-2012 in Tehran were selected usingconvenience sampling method. The subjects were randomly assigned into the twocontrol and experiment groups. the Key Math Diagnostic Arithmetic Test as wellas executive functions tests (including the Tower of London Test, theContinuous Performance Test and Stroop test cards) were carried out on thesubjects. Then, the experiment group (including students with mathematicsdisorder) received 20 sessions of computer-aided working memory training in 7weeks. Afterwards, all the subjects (both experiment and control groups) wereassessed in terms of executive functions and math performances. It isnoteworthy that the control group did not receive any training. Both groupsreceived only the school trainings. One month later, the post-test wasadministrated. The results of the pre-test and post-test were analyzed usingt-test. The results showed that computer-aided working memory training had asignificant effect on executive functions and math performances of studentswith mathematics disorder, and could improve it. The findings of this researchcan be used in neurological and educational interferences
Mojdeh Janeh; Soghra Ebrahimi Ghavam; Hamid Alizadeh
Volume 2, Issue 5 , April 2012, , Pages 21-42
Abstract
Purpose: The present research’s purpose is to compare the executive functions of reasoning, planning, organizing and working memory between the students with or without mathematics disorder at primary school.
Method: The research is of an applied type and the method to carry it out is contextual. ...
Read More
Purpose: The present research’s purpose is to compare the executive functions of reasoning, planning, organizing and working memory between the students with or without mathematics disorder at primary school.
Method: The research is of an applied type and the method to carry it out is contextual. The statistical population includes girl students with or without mathematics disorder at primary schools in the Tehran province.
60primary school girls at the age of 8 to 11 were randomly assigned in 2 groups of 30with or without mathematics disorder. In order to gather data tests of key math Andre Rey, subtests of similarities and children numerical memory and W.I.S.C were used. The data was analyzed by multiple variance analysis tests.
Results: The findings showed that the students with mathematics disorders were different in terms of the executive functions of reasoning, planning, organizing and working memory as compared with the normal group. The outcomes of the present research showed that: there is a meaningful difference in related-combined variables of reasoning, planning, organizing and working memory between the two groups of normal and those having mathematical dysfunction. To specify the meaningfulness of the final outcome Bonferroni correction was used and P which was equal to 0.05 was divided by 4. Amount of P turned to be 0.0125 and meaningfulness was assigned to the test.
Conclusion and recommendations: With regard to existing theories and researches so far undertaken in the area and the results of the present research we can conclude that there are obvious differences in the functions of reasoning, working memory and planning-organizing of normal students and those having mathematical dysfunction. However this research studied 3 areas of the executive functions including reasoning, planning-organizing and working memory. It is suggested that other executive functions be also studied in future research projects